The Natural History of Monkeys

Among the varied races of living beings which inhabit this world, none perhaps have excited so much speculation and general interest, as those to which we have devoted our present little volume. From the shy and retired manners of the animals in a wild state, their habits are of difficult investigation, and would require much patience, and a greater allowance of time, than it is often possible for those individuals who possess the enviable opportunities to devote to them. The greater portion of the information we possess, is therefore derived from the accounts of travellers, too often collected from hearsay evidence, exaggerated as the fears and superstitions of the natives have been influenced, and which have appeared as “dreamy forms.”

That the soul sees—and, we suppose, the eyes. We are mostly aware how easily the minds of many native tribes are wrought upon; and it can scarcely be a matter of surprise, that traditions¹ should exist, with accounts of the prowess, sagacity, or cruelty of these creatures. Occasional glimpses of an animal clothed in shaggy hair, of gigantic size, with tusks rivalling those of the largest and most ferocious beasts of prey;—possessing a hideous resemblance of countenance and general proportions to man, and assuming positions somewhat human, would present to an untutored mind, a chaos of sensations, whose impressions scarcely could be afterwards detailed; while one of higher cultivation might combine doubts of their animal or human nature, and add to either the brutal or malignant qualities of both. And it is under such influences, fear predominating, that the accounts of their concerted attacks, their carrying off negroes for slaves, distribution of the different sexes, and of their cruelty and carnivorous propensities, have been handed down with embellishments by the older historians.

In other countries, superstition exercises her influence. India, so horribly celebrated by the sacrifices of its infatuated devotees, is in some districts no less so for its weak and extravagant idolatry. In Ahmenadab, hospitals have been erected for the benefit of apes, where thousands are kept in fancied ease and indulgence; and another city, which was taken by General Goddart in 1780, upon its surrender contained forty thousand inhabitants, and as many monkeys. They are even worshipped by the Brahmins, and are raised to the rank of gods. Gorgeous temples are erected,

With pious care a monkey to enshrine!

Mofleus, in his History of India, describes one of great magnificence—it was fronted by a portico for receiving victims sacrificed to it, which was supported by no less than 700 columns; and Linschotten relates, that when the Portuguese plundered one of these monkey palaces, in the island of Ceylon, they found, in a little gold casket, the tooth of an ape; a relic held by the natives in such veneration, that they offered seven hundred thousand ducats to redeem it.—It was, however, burnt by the Viceroy, to stop the progress of idolatry. Among the ancient Egyptians, they also seem to have been held in more than ordinary reverence, or at least to have borne a rank equal to that of the sacred ibis. They were like them represented in the sculptures, and their bodies were preserved as mummies.

We cannot, however, class under such infatuation, the idea which, even in comparatively modern times, prevailed among men who possessed great learning, and minds at once comprehensive and penetrating;

that men and monkeys belonged to the same species, and were no otherwise distinguished from each other, than by circumstances which can be accounted for, by the different physical or moral agencies to which they have been exposed.²

And we can only consider them in the words of an eminent anatomist, as

equally unacquainted with the structure and functions of men and monkeys, not conversant with zoology and physiology, and therefore entirely destitute of the principles on which alone a sound judgment can be formed, concerning the natural capabilities and destiny of animals, as well as the laws according to which certain changes of character, certain departures from the original stock, may take place.³

Seeing, then, that the information handed down to us regarding this singular family, has been in many instances exaggerated and misrepresented, we shall endeavour, in the following pages, to detail what can be depended upon, making use of the discoveries and researches of the modern naturalists who have travelled aware of the doubtful points, and were competent, by their previous studies, for the task of unravelling them; while the anatomy of these animals, which approach nearest in their structure to that of man, will be taken from the able examinations which have been made by Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Fred. Cuvier, Dr Trail, and Messrs Owen and Yarrel.

Modern zoologists have applied to this family, consisting of two great divisions, the title of Quadmmanous, or four-handed, from their generally possessing thumbs, or members opposable to the fingers of both the fore and hind limbs, which enables them to grasp any object firmly with either, and renders them expert climbers. The most casual stroller through a menagerie, must be immediately struck with the surprising agility, the powerful leaps and swings, and the complete gliding ease, with which all these motions are performed; and an observer in their natural abodes will soon arrive at the conclusion, that their habits are strictly arboreal, and that their economy is intimately connected with the boundless forests of the tropics. They are in fact seldom seen at any distance from woods, and the species which inhabit craggy precipices, such as those in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, in Barbary, and about Gibraltar, deviate from the type, become more quadruped in their form and actions, and have therefore always been placed last in our systems.

Their true and natural abodes are the trackless forests, which so richly clothe the countries under the tropics, and which alike supply them with food, and protect them from the heat of those scorching climes. During the middle period of the day, these forests are filled with the animal world, courting their grateful shades, silent and resting; and it is only in some deep glade, “afraid to glitter in the noontide beams,” that the screams of an awakened parrot, or gambols of a monkey, disturb the universal solitude. So soon, however, as a declining sun and the evening breezes reduce the overpowering feelings, do the inhabitants of those vast nurseries resume the exercise of their daily routine, and none among them occupy a more conspicuous place than this family. The more timorous attract the observer’s attention by their endeavours of concealment; and the protrusion of numerous little heads, with bright and searching eyes, from behind the thick boughs and foliage, plainly tells that curiosity almost overbalances the fear of self-preservation. The more forward again, force attention by the shower of rotten branches, fruit, flowers, and nuts, and. sometimes materials of a less agreeable kind, that are either directed against, or unintentionally fall near, the object which thus attracts the attention of this prying assembly; while the annoyed feelings of the spectator soon give way to admiration, at the light and airy gambols of those which think themselves beyond the reach of danger, or are amused at the grimaces, and grotesque attitudes, and half threats of those in the immediate vicinity. This interval of activity in the tropical forest, lasts for a comparatively short period; a few morning and evening hours of milder heat, are sufficient to satisfy all their wants; the blaze of a vertical sun, or a short twilight, again obliges them to seek a covering from its beams, or a place of rest and security from depredators, whose turn it now is to satisfy the cravings of nature.

But there are some tribes inhabiting South America, which reverse this order, and are nocturnal in their habits. Some of the larger species remaining in complete inactivity during daylight, come forth at night, and make the forest resound with their yells and howling. Speaking of the Red Howler, an eccentric writer observes,—

Nothing can sound more dreadful than its nocturnal howlings. While lying in your hammock in those gloomy and immeasurable wilds, you hear him howling at intervals from eleven o’clock at night till daybreak. You would suppose that half the wild beasts of the forest were collecting for the work of carnage. Now it is the tremendous roar of the jaguar, as he springs on his prey; now it changes to his terrible deep-toned growlings, as he is pressed on all sides by superior force; and now you hear his last dying moan beneath a mortal wound.⁴

A deep and dark evergreen, or the hollow of some decaying tree, like the “shrouded owls,” are the abodes during the day of other small species; and, when removed from their dormitory, a dreamy motion and piteous wailing, are the only exertions which announce that their rest has been disturbed, or their feelings incommoded. During the night, on the contrary, they are all energy.

The food of this family may be called almost entirely vegetable. The accounts of their love for animal food, and relish for that of human beings, as related by Neiuhoff,⁵ can only be traced to the same sources with the other unsubstantiated reports concerning them, and become naturally associated, in the minds of the inhabitants, with the hideous forms and immense tusks of the larger species. The forest will supply them with nourishment, in the endless variety of fruits and nuts, roots and juicy shrubs. Insects are also greedily devoured by all, and as expertly caught.⁶ The stores of the wild bees furnish another repast, and the eggs, and occasionally the young of birds, is the only approach which can be traced to a carnivorous propensity.

There are some accounts of the orangs feeding on crabs and shellfish; but we are not sure of the authority whence they have been obtained. Gemelli Carreri tells us, that the orangs descend from the mountains when the fruits are exhausted, where they feed on various shellfish, but particularly on a large species of oyster.

Fearful of putting in their paws, lest the oyster should close and crush them, they insert a stone within the shell, which prevents it from closing, and then drag out their prey and devour it at leisure!

In those districts where cultivation has advanced, they become exceedingly troublesome, and from their numbers do no inconsiderable injury to the foreign husbandman; an amiable poet thus mentions their depredations among the sugar groves:—

Destructive, on the upland sugar groves
The monkey nation preys; from rocky heights.
In silent parties, they descend by night,
And posting watchful sentinels, to warn
When hostile steps approach; with gambols, they
Pour o’er the cane grove. Luckless he to whom
That land pertains!

In like manner, when a remission of watchfulness occurs, do they plunder the maize fields, and rob the orchards of their choicest fruits; “they are so impudent, that they will come into the gardens and eat such sorts of fruit as grow there,” says Knox;⁷ and Thunberg relates, that such is the superstitious respect in which the Entellus monkey is held by the natives, that whatever ravages they may commit, they dare not venture to destroy them. Emboldened by this impunity, they come down from the woods in large herds, and take possession of the husbandman’s toil, with as little ceremony, as though it had been collected for their use.

In a state of confinement, vegetable diet continues their favourite and most nourishing support; but they will eat almost anything that the luxury of man has introduced, and some even become remarkable for their peculiarities. Among the greater part of them, the love of wine or diluted spirits becomes almost a passion; they are often offered as a bribe to the performance of various tricks, and they will always be greedily drunk when left within reach. Vosmaer’s orang, one day when loose, commenced its exploits by finishing a bottle of Malaga wine. Happy Jerry, the ribbed nose baboon in Exeter Change, performed all his tricks upon the anticipation of a glass of gin and water; and the relish and expression with which it was taken, would have done honour to the most accomplished taster.

Nearly the whole family are gregarious,⁸ and troops of many hundreds together may be seen in the forest glades and openings, or upon the banks of the noble rivers, which,

Shaded and rolling on through sunless solitudes,

form almost the only passages in those vast countries. Wherever we peruse the journeys of travellers, who have explored the interior of the tropics, we find accounts of almost innumerable bands which crowd the wooded banks, doubtless astonished at such visiters, and exhibiting every attitude and grimace, that the impulses of fear and caution can supply. In general, they live together in harmony, unless when slightly disturbed by rivalry after some favourite supply of food, in which cases, the love and knowledge of power is fully shown and exercised by the strong over their weaker companions. Intruders of any other species are either expelled, or, if too powerful, are chattered at with all their natural petulance, and stolen opportunities are watched, to pilfer the attracting store, or annoy the unwelcome aggressor.

Their breeding-places are various—cloven trees, perhaps a forsaken nest which has already reared a feathered progeny—rocks, thickets of brush, and rank grassy herbage, all afford sheltered nursing-places. The young, seldom more than two, are attended with the greatest care and anxiety by the female; and long after they are able to follow their troop, on the approach of danger, will attach themselves to the parent, who will encounter almost anything in their defence, and who, from the utmost timidity, becomes fierce and reckless of every opponent. It is singular, however, that in confinement the very reverse most frequently takes place; and when these animals have, with great care and attention, been productive, the offspring was immediately left, and the greatest apathy exhibited. Under every advantage Frederic Cuvier was unsuccessful twice, and found it impossible to preserve the young beyond a few hours.⁹

In geographical distribution, the quadrumanous order presents some curious examples. That part of them to which this volume is devoted, is found in three divisions of the world, and is entirely confined to the warmer parts. Europe, with one exception, which merely skirts its southern border, and North America, are without them, from the unsuitable nature of the climate; and among the various anomalous forms peculiar to New Holland, and the vast archipelago of the Southern Ocean, scarcely one approaches to any resemblance. The smaller formed long-tailed monkeys (which constitute the numerous family of Guenons in the systems,) of mild disposition and playful manners and generally clothed with a fur of considerable beauty, are in a general way distributed over Africa and India; among these, however, the genus Semnopithecus of F. Cuvier, seems exclusively Indian, while, with a few exceptions, the Cercopitheci of the same naturalist, and Cercocebi of Geoffroy, inhabit Africa. The most typical forms in the zoology of these countries, are, in the last; the baboons, or Cynocephali, more bestial in all their forms and habits, and deviating from the quadrumanous type. In one or two aberrant instances they reach India, and the Barbary ape passes the European boundary, and may be looked on as the extreme limit of the family in that direction. The form again most typical to India, is seen in the long-armed apes or Gibbons, (Hylobates, Illiger,) approaching the orangs somewhat in structure, found exclusively in the islands and continent, stretching northward in the Chinese dominions, but not existing in any land that can be allied to the continent of Africa.

The Indian islands possess another very singular animal in the proboscis monkey, (Nasalis, Geoffroy,) which, to the form of the orangs, joins a considerable length of tail; but the greatest peculiarity is the shape of the nose, which is prolonged to an extraordinary degree, and can be compared to nothing so justly, as some of the pasteboard masks, which may be daily seen at the windows of our fancy toyshops. Extending our researches farther in the Asiatic continent, we find, in the western district of China, another curious form, furnished with long arms and tail, but of rather graceful proportions, with a fur of rich colouring, destitute of the bare callosities, and possessing somewhat the flattened face of the American monkeys. It is the Chinese monkey, and constitutes Illiger’s genus Lasiopaga. Some zoologists ascribe the Island of Madagascar as another abode of this animal, but we strongly suspect, that, however allied in resemblance, it will prove distinct. But the most interesting form to these continents, is the orangs, common to both, but in indifferent individuals; and these, as far as our knowledge extends, confined to a very limited space: that of India inhabits almost exclusively the Island of Borneo, while the African representative is found only on the eastern coast, and particularly in Angola and Congo.

These are the principal forms inhabiting the old world; South America possesses others of great peculiarity, and it is remarkable, that none of them can be placed in any of the African or Asiatic groups. The nostrils are always divided by a broader separation, the size and strength is much less; in some, the proportions are very diminutive, and in a few, the habits become completely nocturnal. The inhabitants of this, region, also exhibit the most perfect adaptation of structure for climbing and a silvan life, and the formation of the tail in the greater part, is a most efficient assistant in grasping and supporting themselves among the branches, and some can even introduce the extremity in the narrow parts of the bark, and withdraw from thence any small substance.¹⁰ Among the Howlers, we see somewhat of the form and appearance of the baboons, which they also resemble in their larger size, their strength, and fiercer dispositions, and in the structure of the laryngeal sacks, which are connected with the os hyoides. We find, in the genus Hapales, an approach to the insectivorous mammaliæ, in the hooked claws of the fore extremities, instead of nails; and in several of the other forms, a departure from the quadrumanous types, and a joining with the Lemuridæ.

As the quadrumanous races approach nearest to man in structure, and consequently in actions, it will be proper to point out some of the principal distinctions which corporeally separate them; and for this purpose, we shall confine ourselves to the two orangs, which have been universally allowed to bear the strongest resemblance. We do not intend to institute a strict comparison between the monkey and human organization, and to adduce proof from the comparison, that they are distinct as well in structure as in nature; we consider this quite unnecessary, and think that in all our systems, man should be kept entirely distinct. As he is infinitely pre-eminent by the high and peculiar character and power of his mind, and the future destination of his immaterial part, so has he been stamped with a bearing lofty and dignified, with

Far nobler shape, erect and tall,
Godlike erect, with native honour clad.

We wish chiefly to illustrate, by their difference, that the parts allotted for locomotion in the most man-like monkey, are unfitted for sustaining an upright attitude, while they are beautifully adapted to perform all the requisites of a silvan life.

The first distinction that would undoubtedly strike an observer of an orang and human being placed in the same enclosure, would be the positions and attitude; and a closer attention would soon convince, that the corresponding members in each, while beautifully formed for their proper uses, could not be employed to perform similar actions, with an equal degree of strength, firmness, or ease.

Few persons, in the present era, will assert,

———Men have four legs by nature,
And that ’tis custom makes them go
Erroneously upon but two.

While the fact, that no nation in the world assumes any except the erect attitude, will be sufficiently conclusive, without making use of the many arguments which might be drawn from the adaptation of structure. Let us now see how this agrees with the natural gait of the orangs. In man, the limbs, the principal organs of progression, and of maintaining the upright position, are equal in length to the head and trunk together, while the upper extremities are comparatively short. The glutei muscles are the largest in the human body, and the gastronemi, or calf, are of immense power, and terminate in a powerful cord, inserted in the extremity of the bone, forming the heel or os calcis. These, however, would be insufficient, without a surface or base on which the trunk itself could rest; and we find this supplied by a broad and capacious pelvis, with which the thigh-bones form a right angle, by means of the length of the cervix femoris, or neck of the thigh-bone. In the orangs, on the contrary, and indeed in all the monkeys, the lower extremities are comparatively short, while the upper, or arms, are very long, so as to allow the knuckles to be applied to the ground when the animal is nearly erect, and which is, in fact, the mode of progression always adopted when necessity requires this position. The black orang noticed by Dr Tyson advanced in this manner, and that dissected by Dr Trail was observed never to place “the palms of the hands on the ground.” Dr Abel’s red orang performed “the progressive motion by placing his bent fists upon the ground, and drawing his body between his arms.” The narrowness of the pelvis, and the short neck of the femur, forming an acute angle with the spine, also renders the erect position impossible for any time, and always irksome, which is farther confirmed by the weakness of the muscles. The glutei are scarcely visible, and the calves are very weak.¹¹

The extensors of the knee are much stronger in the human subject than in other mammalia, as their operation of extending the thigh forwards on the leg, forms a very essential part in the human mode of progression. The flexors of the knee are, on the contrary, stronger in animals, and are inserted so much lower down, even in the monkeys, that the cord which they form keeps the knee habitually bent, and almost prevents the perfect extension of the leg on the thigh.¹²

The motion of the knee-joint in the black orang was free backwards, but the animal does not seem capable of perfect extension of this joint, from the contraction of the posterior muscles of the limb.¹³

Continuing the organization of the lower extremity, we shall now examine the foot. In man, the whole surface of the tarsus, metatarsus, and toes, rests upon the ground, and the os calcis forms a right angle with the leg. In the orangs, this bone begins to form an acute angle with the limb, and consequently does not rest upon the ground. The sole of the foot becomes narrower; and in all the attempts at erect progression, exhibited by the orangs which have been shown in this country, the foot was observed to rest on its outer edge. The plantaris muscle also, which is very fleshy among quadrumanous animals, instead of terminating, as it does in man, by insertion in the os calcis, passes over that bone into the sole, and is there connected with the plantar aponeurosis, an arrangement incompatible with the erect attitude, as the tendon would be compressed, and its action impeded, if the heel rested on the ground.¹⁴ But the most marked peculiarity in the foot, and one which is instantly perceived, is the great length of the phalanges or toes, and the position of the great toe, which is placed nearly in a line with the ankle, and does not reach, at the nail, within an inch of the first metatarsal joint, having the appearance of a thumb and hand, whose office it in reality performs, nor is the internal conformation less remarkable; the whole arrangement of muscles is much nearer to that of a hand; but the thumbs of both the fore and hind extremities have no separate flexor longus, (long flexor,) but receive tendons from the flexors of the fingers.

Hence, the thumbs in these animals will generally be bent together with the other fingers; and they are less capable of those actions in which the motion of the thumb is combined with that of the fore and middle finger—a combination so important in numerous delicate operations.¹⁵

The upper extremity approaches much nearer to the human form, and in its similarity points out the unfitness of these animals for a constant quadruped motion. The inferior structure of the hands, and particularly the thumbs, show them fitted for grasping alone, and incapable of performing any nice mechanical operation, while the great comparative length indicates their utility in climbing, and therefore their fitness for an arboreal life.

All the orangs which have been dissected, had scarcely reached their second year. The relative proportions, therefore, of the skull and brain to the body, cannot be fixed or compared with those of the adult human being. The relations of the brain, however, as far as have been observed, are nearly similar, and the principal differences in the skull of the nearest form, the black orang, are thus mentioned by Dr Trail:

The top of the head is more flat, and its union with the spine farther back. The orbital processes of the os frontis project about half an inch beyond the general convexity of that bone; and the orbits of the eyes are proportionally larger and rounder than in man. The depression which receives the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, is much deeper and smoother on the sides; while the apertures in that bone, for the passage of the olfactory nerves, are considerably larger. Instead of the well-defined boundaries traced in the human skull by the crucial ridge, they were marked by a flat undulation of the occipital bone. There is no mastoid, and scarcely a vestige of a hyloid process, (consequently the muscles which arise from these processes in man, have a different origin.) The bones of the nose were placed perfectly flat on the face, so as not to be visible in the profile of the skull, and the triangular opening was circular. The supramaxillary bones projected considerably beyond the remarkable orbiter process of the frontal bone, being the form of the lower part of the bone nearer to that of quadrupeds. The lower jaw was stronger and narrower.

The superior maxillary bones in man are united to each other, and contain the whole of the upper teeth; but in most of the mammaliæ, they are separated by a third bone of a wedge shape, which contains the incisor teeth. Blumenbach named this the os intermaxillare. According to that anatomist, and Camper, it is found in the red orang; whereas, according to Tyson and Daubenton, it was not seen in the chimpanzee, or black orang; nor does Dr Trail mention having observed it in the specimen which he dissected. Lawrence says,

The brute face is merely an instrument, adapted to procure and prepare food, and often a weapon of offence and defence. The human countenance is an organ of expression, an outward index of what passes in the busy world within. In the animal, the elongated and narrow jaws with their muscles, with their sharp cutting teeth, or strong-pointed and formidable fangs, compose the face; the chin, lips, cheeks, eyebrows and forehead, are either removed, or reduced to a size and form simply necessary for animal purposes; the nose is confounded with the upper jaw and lip, or, if more developed, is still applied to offices connected with procuring food.

In the whole we have the muzzle, or snout of an animal, not the countenance of a human being.

The articulation of the head with the spine, which determines its support, is, in the human subject, very nearly in the centre; and the vertical line of the neck and trunk is nearly perpendicular, and would pass through the top of the head; consequently the whole weight is sustained by the vertebral column. In most animals, the great occipital hole, and the articular condyles, are placed almost at the end of the skull, throwing the whole weight of the head forwards, and it is incapable of being supported by the vertebral column, without some very powerful assisting machinery. Hence, we find the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae long, and assisted by a very strong ligament, called the ligamentum nuchæ, or suspensorium colli. In the orang, the occipital hole is placed twice as far from the jaws as from the back of the head, which throws a great additional weight forwards, and consequently requires more exertion to maintain the erect position. But although we find, according to Camper, that the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are long, and see a greater developement of them in the Batavian pongo, there is no mention in any author of the presence of the suspensory ligament, which is also used as an argument that the natural gait of these animals is not quadruped; for the immense weight of the jaws of the adults, placed so far off the centre, could not possibly be supported in that position, without some provision of this kind. Additional confirmation of this argument is the absence of the suspensorium oculi, a muscle found in quadrupeds, and evidently intended to relieve the others, and be a greater support to the eyes when continued in the prone position.

These are the principal peculiarities of structure connected with progression and attitude; and it must be at once perceived, that neither the erect or quadruped posture, is the common and natural one of the monkeys, and that they will employ either as occasion requires, in their silvan or rocky abodes. Every other part of the form will present some difference; but with the exception of the construction of the larynx, and principal organs employed in the faculty of speech, we shall merely mention a few of the remaining most prominent peculiarities exhibited by the African and Asiatic orangs.

There were only four lumbar vertebræ in Dr Trail’s orang, in this respect similar to the Asiatic species dissected by Messrs Owen and Yarrel. In the first animal, however, there were thirteen dorsal vertebræ, and a similar number of ribs; in the latter, only twelve of each. The lower opening of the pelvis in the black orang is very large; the sacrum is very narrow. No occipito-frontalis muscle was found in the black orang, while it was distinctly seen in the red species by Messrs Owen and Yarrel. In the same animal, three muscles were found to supply the place of the pectoralis major; and the peculiar muscle called the levator claviculæ is found in both. In the black orang the size of the olfactory nerve is great, and the surface of the turbinated bones extensive, which would lead us to infer that the sense of smelling was powerful, and of course of necessary use in its economy.

The larynx of these animals present some curious peculiarities. The best account, perhaps, is that given by Camper of the red orang. After examining the tongue, that anatomist continues,

pursuing my dissection, I discovered a large sack on the right side, running over the clavicular bones, and another on the left side, but visibly smaller. The large sack tore a little on account of its being tender, by having lain so long in spirits. I inflated it through the opening, which I continued quickly, as I perceived that the air went off betwixt the tongue bone and the thyroideus cartilage. I then followed up the rent with a pair of scissors, and cut open the sack, by which means I discovered a transverse split. There was now no doubt but that the left sack had a similar orifice.

In pursuance of it, I took away the whole soft palate and œsophagus as far as below the speaking organs. The soft palate is the same as in most quadrupeds, with this difference, nevertheless, that the uvula on the hind side runs very evidently downwards, but not beneath the margin of the soft palate. This palate appears, however, more capable than in other animals of being contracted.

In other two orangs

there was merely one single sack, having two air tubes, which united themselves with the two splits.

This, he thinks, had been formerly two,

but that the two sacks were gone over into one.

In one of the animals,

the bottom (of the sack) rose nearly to the end of the breast bone, and was partly covered by the breast muscles; the sack rose upwards above the clavicular bones, and with the appendages still more backward, so that this sack penetrated on each side deep under the monk’s-hood muscles, as far as behind upon the shoulder blades.

Camper is of opinion, that this sack increases in size with the age of the animal; and that the frequent expansion by the air, is the cause of the increase.

The orang can, in the mean time, voluntarily swell up these sacks, or this united sack, whenever it tries or attempts to press the strongly inhaled air outwards, and presses then the epiglottis towards the openings of the larynx, or bends it only a little. It can also empty them at pleasure by means of the broad muscles of the neck, by those of the breast, and by the cuculares, or monk’s-hood muscles.

In the black orang, according to Dr Trail, the os hyoides differed from that of man, in being anteriorly more prominent and dilated, and by containing in its body a cavity capable of holding a large pea. On laying open the posterior part of the larynx, the two apertures at the base of the epiglottis, and leading to the laryngeal pouches discovered by Camper, were visible.

The great difference in these organs from the human are the large sacks, which evidently produce the powerful and deep sounds uttered by so many of this tribe. In the black orang, being canned into the body of the os hyoides, it shows the first indication of structure so peculiarly belonging to the American howlers. In the Siamang, remarkable for the power of voice, the simple sacks are so extensive as to protrude prominently to outward view. They prevent the utterance of systematic sounds which the other organs might produce, by preventing a power of control over the air.

Every time that the animal would utter his cry, these sacks swell, then empty themselves, so that he is not able, at will, to supply to the different parts of his mouth the sounds they might articulate.¹⁶

In intellect we consider the quadmmanous animals, notwithstanding what has been written and recorded of many of them, not superior, and in many cases inferior, to others of the animal creation; it has the same constitutional distinctions, and presents the same great differences, from a true reasoning power. But among the many anecdotes related of the understanding of the orang-outang, and other monkeys, some may be classed as under the influence of a higher power of discrimination than mere instinct, and where a process, as it were, of discussion passed in the sensorium of the animal. As an example of what we mean, we may mention an anecdote of the young red orang, lately exhibited in Edinburgh by Mr Cops, and figured on our second plate.

Mr Cops one day gave him the half of an orange, a fruit of which he was passionately fond, and laid the other half aside upon the upper shelf of a press out of his reach and sight. Some time after, Mr Cops being reclining upon a sofa with his eyes closed, the orang began to prowl about the room, and showed that, notwithstanding his apparent inattention, the position of his favourite orange had been narrowly watched. Anxious to see the result, he continued quiet, and feigned sleep. Jocko cautiously approached the sofa, examined as far as he could that his guardian was sound, and mounting quietly and expeditiously, finished the remaining half of the orange, carefully concealed the peel in the grate among some paper shavings, and having again examined Mr Cops, and seeing nothing doubtful in the reality of his sleep, retired confidently to his own couch. Here there must have been a detailed series of impressions during the progress of the action; but in common with the construction of the brute mind, he was incapable of extending the power farther, or of reasoning upon that action, during the performance of which his intellect had gone through several distinct processes. All their actions in a state of confinement may be traced to the same source, while those in a state of nature will be more akin to instinct, and will be performed under the impulses of the various passions.

Cunning joined with caution, an inquisitive and prying turn, and imitativeness, are the strong characters in the disposition of the whole family. All these faculties and propensities become more developed in a state of confinement, and consequently of tuition, than in their natural wildness; and while the first, in both states, is indispensable for their preservation, it is by the influence of the others that they are principally indebted to confinement, and the parts they are made to perform in the beggarly dramas performed in the streets of our great towns. Their power of imitation is very great, and often ludicrous in the extreme, from the expressive face, and hum an-like form of the upper parts. This talent has even been said to have been used to their own destruction;—we have heard of monkeys cutting their throats, in imitation of the feigned action of the person whom they annoyed, and of one who killed himself by infusing a paper of tobacco with milk and sugar, instead of tea, and drinking it as he had observed some sick sailor do. How far these are true we shall not attempt to decide; certain it is, that these animals most ludicrously possess this propensity, and that those we have seen as pets, would almost perform any thing once pointed out to them, and would always make the attempt.

For the arrangement of these animals in the descriptive part of our volume, we have followed the old practice of dividing them into two great geographical groups, while we have introduced most of the new genera. This plan we found to be the most convenient during the progress, and perhaps liable to less objection in a work of this kind, than any other or newer system, all of which yet fall short of our own ideas of them correct classification.

The truest arrangement that has yet been proposed, is that by Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint Hilaire,¹⁷ and they place the Sapajous immediately after the Orangs and Gibbons. Another system of arrangement, which would find both its friends and enemies in the advocates and disparagers of the circular or progressive series, would be to descend from the Orangs, on the one side of the circle, by the Gibbons, Nasalis, and Colobus, the latter being the only form in the old world with four fingers to the upper extremities, and so far in this respect representing the genus Ateles of the new. We have then the genus Lasiopyga, which combines a great flatness of face to the form of the Guenons which naturally follow, and thence the passage to the Baboons and Cynocephali is easy. On the opposite side, we would descend by the Sapajous and Sagoins to Ateles, thence to the Howlers or Baboons of the new world; and onwards by the Pithecia or Desmarest, to the small species with nookeu and sharp claws. We would still, in this way, have a space between these diminutive insectivorous species, deviating so much from the quadrumanous type and the cynocephalous baboons; but this appears to fill itself naturally up by the Lemuridæ, the small species of which seem intimately connected with the little monkeys above mentioned, while there will be a natural gradation from the baboons to the genus Lichanotus of Illiger, or the Indri of Sonnerat and Audibert. This view of their arrangement would doubtless require alterations to perfect it; but something of the kind seems the most natural method, and the orders of the Carnivora and Rodentia, whichever shall be found to follow most naturally, would touch at the various points of the circle representing their respective families.

For the illustrations of the present volume, we have been at considerable pains. In a few instances Mr Lizars has been able to draw from the living animals, and our best thanks are due to Mr Cops, for allowing copies to be made from his interesting specimen of the red orang, and also to Mr Wombwell for the sketch of the white eyelid monkey. Professor Jameson pointed out the specimen of the hoolock lately received in the Edinburgh Museum; and for the remainder we are indebted to the beautiful but expensive works of the continental naturalists. We have made free use of Humboldt’s Zoological Observations, and his History of the Monkeys of the Orinooko; of Frederic Cuvier’s great work on the Mammaliæ; Audibert, Histoire Naturelle des Singes, and of Spix and Martius’s History of the New Brazilian species.

Having thus so far endeavoured to detail the habits and economy of this curious family, and the general plan of our volume, we shall at once proceed to the description of the animals themselves.

Monkeys of Asia and Africa, or those of the Old World

The Orangs

The animals which have generally been placed in this division are those, which of ell creation, approach nearest to man in their structure. They have generally been placed first in our systems, and we have now to point out those characters important in arrangement, and the distinctions which will separate the species. They have been divided into three genera, the first of which is named Troglodytes by Geoffrey Saint Hilaire, and is characterised by a facial angle of 50°; distinct superciliary ridges; the canine teeth slightly elongated, and placed dose to the cutting teeth, as in man; the head rounded; the muzzle short; no tail, cheek pouches, or callosities; the ears resembling those of man, but large and projecting. It contains only one species.

The second form among the orangs is described by Geoffroy under the title of Pithecus. The young state of this animal may be said to be well known, and at an age of from three to five years, may be characterized by a facial angle of 65°; by the canine teeth exceeding the others in length,¹⁸ and the molar teeth being nearly square on the upper surface; the head rounded, no cheek pouches or callosities; the ears resembling those of man, but small, and applied close to the head; the arms of considerable length. In the adult state, from what we imperfectly know, these characters will vary widely, and still more so if the Pongo shall ultimately prove identical with it, which the high authority of Cuvier would now warrant us to consider decided, did there not exist so very wide a difference between the characters given by him and Lacepede, and those which so many in the young state have exhibited. We have added the dentition of the Pongo from Frederic Cuvier, reduced two-thirds, and the resemblance between it and the teeth of the large Sumatran orang, will be immediately seen.

The Gibbons

The next form to which our attention is most naturally directed, as entering the group of orangs, is the Gibbons or long-armed apes, forming the genus Hylobates²³ of Illiger.

They may be generally characterised by having the same dentition, the same dentition, though somewhat modified in form, with the African and Asiatic orangs, and represented in the annexed cut of the dentition of the H. leuciscus; in being destitute of a tail; and peculiarly remarkable from the great length of the anterior extremities, which reach the ground when the animal is placed in an erect position. Their height scarcely exceeds four feet, and they never possess that gigantic and powerful form, which is attained in a native state by the animals we have just described. Their dispositions in a wild stale, appear shy and timid. They are in most instances gregarious, and in this respect resemble the howling monkeys of America, which is farther confirmed by the presence, in some, of the large guttural sacks, and the continued howling which betrays their haunts. Some species are possessed of very great activity, and use their long arms with almost as much effect as the long and prepensile tail of the Sapajous. Some appear again to be more sluggish in their habits, but are possessed of an acute sense of sight and hearing, and will seldom allow an intruder to approach so near as to render their escape difficult or uncertain. When in confinement they soon become reconciled and peaceful, become attached to those who take charge of them, but seem possessed of only a small portion of intuitive intellect. They are all natives of India and her islands, abounding in the forests, at a distance from which they are very seldom found; and, when occasionally discovered straying, fall an easy prey, from their great timidity and awkwardness of progression on a comparatively flat surface. The first we shall mention, is a new species from the continent of India.

We shall next describe a very singular species from the East Indian Islands.

The other animals contained in this group have naked callosities on the buttocks, like the baboons, and in their dispositions are more active. One of the first known, though till lately involved in obscurity, is the Simla lar of Linnæus; the long-armed ape of Pennant. This was thought to be subject to a variation in the colour of the wrists and hands to white; but the distinction has turned out to be that of different species, and for that with white hands M. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire has retained the old name of lar, while the totally black species has been dedicated by the same gentleman to Sir Stamford Raffles, under the name of Hylobates Rafflesii. Another animal allied to these, and generally described as a variety under the title of Lesser Gibbon, seems yet to be held as a subject for doubt by our most modem zoologists; it is much less in size, and has generally been procured from Malacca. There is a sixth species, some what allied except in colour, which, by older writers, was also confounded with the long-armed gibbon; it is the Moloch or Wow-wow, the Hylobates leuciscus of modems. It inhabits the Moluccas, is entirely of a grayish white, except the face, which is black, but does not differ in general habit from its congeners.

The only remaining animal we have to mention, as embraced in this group, is also known under the name of Wow-wow, but which is indiscriminately applied by the natives of the Indian islands to several species though they are distinguished from one another by additional names. It is remarkably contrasted from the others by its more pleasing shades of colouring and surprising agility. We give a plate of the female and young of

We have now mentioned all the known species of long-armed apes or Gibbons, and there are two forms which by most zoologists have been placed immediately following them, of which we have been unable to see specimens. We shall therefore shortly notice them from the works of highest reputation, before proceeding to the Guenons or long-tailed monkeys of the Old World.

The Capped Monkey

The first has been characterised by Eschsholtz, under the name of Prebytis;²⁶ possesses no cheek-pouches; has naked callosities; the arms reach to the knees, and the tail is of considerable length. The facial angle 60°. Only one species has been discovered in Sumatra, P. mitrula, or capped monkey; of small size, above of a bluish-green, beneath grayish-white.

The second is named Colobus by Illiger,²⁷ remarkable for having only four fingers upon the upper extremities, and in this respect representing Ateles²⁸ of the New World, to which it also comes near in the shortness of the muzzle, and comparative shortness of the face. In other respects it resembles the Guenons.

Three species are described. They are natives of Africa, but little is known of their habits or locality.

The type of this genus may be seen in the Simia polycomos, Schreber, the full-bottomed monkey of Pennant, black, with longer hair covering the neck, in the form of a mane. It inhabits the forests of Guinea and Sierra Leone. The next is the bay monkey, Colobus ferruginosas, which has been thought by some to be merely a variety of the preceding; and the third is an unfigured species, dedicated by M. Kuhl to M. Temminck (Colobus Termminckii, Kuhl.) It formed part of the collection of Mr Bullock, and, at the dispersion of that valuable museum, passed to that of Temminck. The upper parts of the head, neck, back, and shoulders, black, the limbs clear reddish, and the under parts having a tinge of tawny yellow. The native country unknown.

It may be remarked that this genus is placed by Illiger after the Cynocephali, and next that of Ateles, with which the monkeys of the New World are commenced.

The Guenons

Following for our guidance the arrangement of the quadrumanous animals proposed by Cuvier, whose extensive experience and varied research, entitle him to every confidence, we shall proceed next with his brother’s sub-family of the Guenons, or long-tailed monkeys of the Old World. Most zoologists place them after the orangs and gibbons, and reach the baboons by those species where the muzzle becomes more lengthened, (Cercocebus sabeus, &c.,) by the Rhesus monkey²⁹ and Barbary ape, and thus reach the Cynocephali, which have the largest facial angle, the nostrils placed at the extremity of the muzzle, possess a less degree of intelligence, and have dispositions akin to the fiercest and most brutal. With these they conclude the forms of the Old World.

The large assortment of animals which have been placed in this group, may be termed the most agreeable of the “monkey race.” They embrace considerable variety of shape and size, but often exhibit furs of the greatest brightness and beauty, with forms at once light and graceful; while their dispositions are in general mild, peaceful, and affectionate, or, if occasionally riotous, are confined to displays of playfulness and mischief, and are entirely free from the fierce and malignant tempers displayed in a greater or less degree among all the baboons. When taken at an early age they are readily tamed, and become playful and familiar; they are extremely agile, though generally calm and circumspect in their motions, and learn a variety of tricks, which they perform with much cunning and address. In a wild state they are gregarious, and, bird-like, inhabit the rich forests of Africa and Asia.

The divisions which Frederic Cuvier has proposed, are entitled by him Semnopitheques and Guenons. The former he places next to the Gibbons, which some of the species so much resemble in different parts of the skeleton, as to be with difficulty recognised, and designates them Semnopithecus, from the grave and serious character of the animals contained in it. But before proceeding with these, we shall describe two monkeys, which, though generally admitted into the Guenon group, are so imperfectly known as to render any classification, however near we may come in our analogical reasonings, to be uncertain. The first of these is

The other animal we alluded to, which appears to possess all the characteristics of the first division of the Guenons, is,

The Semnopithici

Having mentioned these two singular animals, we shall proceed with the first division of the Guenon group, the Semnopitheci. The most striking external characters are the flatness of the face; small cheek pouches; the length of the body, and slenderness of the extremities; the great length of the tail, and the little bare space upon the hips; while the system of dentition presents a marked difference from the next form included in the group.

Annexed is a view of the dentition of S. maurus, from Frederic Cuvier’s work, but which exhibits the canine teeth of less size than the specimen figured by Dr Horsfield.

The canine tooth is there exhibited, standing nearly one-half longer than the others, and grooved on the inner surface.

The chief difference in the molar teeth is in the posterior grinder of the lower jaw having distinctly five points, which distinguishes it from Cercopithecus, and which will be better understood by comparing the cuts now introduced with those accompanying the true Guenons.

Dr Horsfield had taken the Negro monkey as the type of this form, whereas F. Cuvier selects another animal as more characteristic; and we are the more inclined to follow this arrangement, as the Doctor himself observes that S. maurus is more robust in make than its congeners, and the slender proportions are one of the first characters which strike the attention. The animal we allude to is,

The Negro Monkey

The Negro monkey, like its congeners, is a native of Java and Sumatra. The length of the body is about two feet three inches, that of the tail nearly the same., and the form and proportions are more robust than in those we have mentioned for our type. From the want of a figure of this curious animal, Dr Horsfield’s minute description may not be unacceptable.

The covering of the Negro monkey, in adult subjects, is intensely black on every part, except the breast, the abdomen, the inner side of the extremities, and the root of the tail; these parts are gray. On the crown of the head, the black hairs are slightly tipped with gray; and as age advances, the gray portion becomes more extensive, and also shows itself on the upper parts of the body, but the extremities exteriorly, and the tail, even in the oldest subjects, retain their blackness. The hairs are remarkably long, delicate, soft and silky. On the sides of the head, they are disposed backwards with a slight inclination outward, and they completely conceal the ears. They rise with a gradual slope on the forehead, but on the crown of the head they are suddenly deflected, so as to form a dependent crest. On the back, and on the extremities, they lie smooth and close. They are greatly elongated on the sides of the body, between the shoulders, so as to hang down to a considerable length when the animal walks on all fours. On the breast anteriorly, and on the abdomen, they are short, lax, and straggling.

In its young state it exhibits a great contrast to that in the adult. Immediately after birth, our animal has a fulvous or reddish-yellow colour; as it advances in age, the colour gradually changes. A gray discoloration first shows itself on the hands, the forehead, and the tip of the tail; from these parts it gradually extends to the neck, the shoulders, and the flanks, and assumes from time to time a darker hue, until the coat of the animal is jet black above, and gray underneath.

The face is regularly circumscribed by hairs, which are long, and closely applied to the head; the forehead, which is gradually sloping, is entirely concealed by them. The orbits of the eye are rather prominent; and the bones of the nose short. The nose consists of an angular ridge, which is considerably elevated between the eyes, and terminates without any fleshy protuberance, by a membrane which is gradually attenuated below, and on each side of which the nostrils are placed. These are large, oblong, slightly curved, and pass backward into the cranium in a horizontal direction. From the termination of the nose to the mouth a considerable space intervenes; but the lips are small and thin, so as to exhibit, when slightly retracted, the interior of the mouth. The chin is short and small; a circle of gray hairs encloses the mouth in the adult animal; and on the chin the hairs have a disposition downward, so as to exhibit the appearance of a beard. The upper part of the face is nearly naked; a few straggling stiff hairs are scattered on the cheeks and the upper lip, and on the more prominent part of the nose an interrupted series is observed. The irides of the eyes are of a dark brown colour. The ears are concealed from view by the long hairs which cover the lateral parts of the head; they are margined, and both in form and disposition of external parts closely resemble these organs in man. The neck is short, and considerably contracted. The trunk is of great length, broad and robust about the shoulders and the breast, and gradually of smaller dimensions towards the loins. The buttocks are marked with very large rough callosities. The mammse, in the adult female, are lengthened and cylindrical. The tail is as long as the body and head taken together; in some individuals, and particularly in young subjects, it exceeds these parts in length; it is cylindrical during the greater part of its length; the base is gradually tapering, and the tip is thickened, and terminated by a close tuft of long hairs of an ovate form.

The Semnopithecus maurus is distinguished among the Javanese by the name of Budeng, from another species which has the same form and habit, but a different external covering. The name of the latter is Lutung; but the Malays and Europeans apply this name to both species, and distinguish them by the epithet of black and red; the Budeng being denominated Lutung itam, and the Lutung of the Javanese, Lutung mera. In Sumatra the name of the “Maure” is Lotong.

The Budeng, or the black species, is much more abundant than the Lutung, or the red species; and the latter, both on account of its variety and comparative beauty, is a favourite among the natives. Whenever an individual is obtained, care is taken to domesticate it, and it is treated with kindness and attention. The Budeng, on the contrary, is neglected and despised; it requires much patience in any degree to improve the natural sullenness of its temper. In confinement it remains during many months grave and morose; and as it contributes nothing to the amusement of the natives, it is rarely found in villages, or about the dwellings. This does not arise from any aversion on the part of the Javanese to the monkey race; the most common species of the island, the Cercocebus aygula of Geoffroy, the Egret of Pennant, is very generally domesticated; and a favourite custom of the natives is to associate it with the horse. In every stable, from that of a prince to that of a mantry, or chief of a village, one of these monkeys is found; but I never observed the Budeng thus distinguished.

The Semnopithecus maurus is found in abundance in the extensive forests of Java; it forms its dwelling on trees, and associates in numerous societies. Troops, consisting of more than fifty individuals, are often found together. In meeting them in the forests, it is prudent to observe them at a distance. They emit loud screams on the approach of man; and by the violent hustle and commotion excites by their movements, branches of decaying trees are not unfrequently detached, and precipitated on the spectators. They are often chased by the natives for the purpose of obtaining their fur. In these pursuits, which are generally ordered and attended by the chiefs, the animals are attacked with cudgels and stones, and cruelly destroyed in great numbers. The skins are prepared by a simple process, which the natives have acquired from the Europeans, and they conduct it at present with great skill. It affords a fur of a jet black colour, covered with long silky hairs, which is usefully employed both by the natives and the Europeans in preparing riding equipages and military decorations.

The Budeng, during its young state, feeds on tender leaves of plants and trees; and when adult on wild fruits of every description, which are found in great abundance in the forests which it inhabits.

The last animal to be introduced here is one also figured in Dr Horsfield’s Java, under the name of Semnopithecus pyrrhus. It is closely allied to the preceding in form and size, but differs in being of a clear reddish-brown, and is given by this distinguished zoologist with some doubt as distinct; but the different name by which it is known among the natives, and the permanency of its shades, he thinks, will entitle it to separation.

Cercopithecus and Cercocebus

We now come to Frederic Cuvier’s second great division of the true Guenons, comprising the genera Cercopithecus and Cercocebus of Geoffroy. The manners are very nearly similar; but the graduation of the facial angle, the large cheek-pouches, and shorter tail of the latter, seem to lead gradually to the baboons. The system of dentition also allies them by the length of the canine teeth; and the annexed cut may be compared with those illustrating the preceding genus Semnopithecus.

We shall first notice Cercopithecus.—In form it is very closely allied to the last; but differs from both it and the following by the large facial angle of from 50° to 55°, rounded heads, flat noses, and long posterior extremities. The manners are also similar; but the animals comprised under it are more remarkable for grace of form, and beauty of colouring, and its type has been eulogized as elegant in the highest degree, mild of disposition, affectionate, and penetrating; and possessing every quality that could adorn the disposition of an animal. The species we allude to is,

The Diana Monkey

Another very beautiful allied species is the Diana or Palatine monkey, (Cercopithecus Diana, Geoff.,) so named by Linnæus from the white crescent-shaped band, the emblem of the Virgin Huntress, which adorns its brow.

It is a native of the eastern coast of Africa, principally in Guinea, is about eighteen inches in length, with a tail exceeding two feet. Its colouring. Mr Bennet observes, is peculiarly varied and graceful. The head, neck, sides, and middle of the body beneath, are of a deep ash colour, gradually becoming darker on the outside of the limbs, and .finally changing into a deep black upon the hands. The tail also exhibits a dark shade, and terminates with a point entirely black. The general colour may be described as consisting of a mixture of black and white, the former predominating, and the whole having a grisly appearance. But the most conspicuous feature, is a straight line of long white hairs, surmounting a less obvious one of black, which runs in a crescent form across the forehead, above the eyes, and extends nearly to the ears. The specimen in the Zoological Society was playful and familiar. By Linnæus the Diana monkey is said to be fond of all kinds of vegetables, but particularly to delight in fruits, raisins, nuts, and almonds; and would willingly also eat eggs and bread, but animal food was not enjoyed; it drank often, and before taking anything would always smell it. It was remarkably fond of heat; and, when the cold season commenced, gave vent to its uneasiness in shrill complaints. Every thing that is set before the animal is turned over, even the vessel which is put down with its food. When a stranger is introduced it shows its teeth, and bows repeatedly with the head and, if enraged, endeavours to bite its enemy.

This genus will contain seven or eight species in addition; for a brief notice of which we refer out readers to the note of species given at the conclusion. We shall here only mention another animal, remarkable among its congeners for the uniformity of its colouring, it is,

Another animal placed in this division, and with what F. Cuvier terms the Malbrouks, may be almost said to join in a small group among the Guenons; they have a peculiarity of carrying the tail arched over the back, in the manner of a cur dog; and in parts of their form and physiognomy come much nearer to the baboons. The first we shall mention is

The Malbrouk

Another species belonging to this group is Frederic Cuvier’s Malbrouk, Cercocebus cynosurus, described and figured by that naturalist as an animal of truly arboreal habits; walking with difficulty on the ground, and exhibiting the greatest activity when sporting on the bars of its cage; it could sustain itself by successive darts from one side of its cage to the other, performed by the force of its feet alone, and would keep up this severe motion for a considerable period. When young it was docile and mild-tempered, but age brought with it propensities more brutal. The chief characteristic of its disposition, as it is in all the congeners, is extreme caution, or, as it were, an arrangement or previous plan of the actions to be performed; thus, in their attacks, the opportunity is watched when the person or animal is off their guard and otherwise employed, and it is always made from behind; wounds are inflicted with the teeth and nails, and a sudden dart places them at a distance, where they will remain, showing their anger with expressive changes of countenance, and watching the time when the attack can be with safety renewed.

The countenance of this animal becomes more like that of the baboons, and, with the feet and skin of the ears, is black. The cheeks, chin, and a band above the eyes, are white, as also the under parts and the insides of the legs; all the other parts are of a yellowish-green, and the general contour is so similar to the green monkey, that it has been mistaken for it in a young state.

Another allied animal, equally remarkable for the beauty of its yellowish-green fur, is the red-vented monkey, Cercocebus pygerythræus—a native of the forests to the interior of the Cape, truly arboreal, and never met beyond the boundaries of the larger woody tracts. The form is somewhat different; but the similarity of the upper covering, the white cheeks, and frontal hand, place it close to those we have just now described.

We again refer to our Synopsis for an enumeration of the other Cercocebi, and will now proceed to the next forms, which will commence

The Baboons

We have now reached these forms which conduct from monkeys of pleasing appearance and gentle manners, to the most disgusting of the whole tribe. They may be generally designated under the title of baboons, but naturally form themselves into two groups—those with the muzzle still more lengthened than the Guenons, but having the nostrils placed as it were on the face; a body of considerable size and strength, and the tail shorter; the dispositions becoming more sulky and untractable, furious and revengeful, when annoyed.³³ The second, comprised in the true Cynocephali of Cuvier, and which are at once characterised by the position of the nostrils at the very extremity of the muzzle. Their size is very large; their strength enormous; their dispositions possessing scarcely a good quality, and combining great fierceness and malignity, which, joined with their strength, renders them always dangerous in confinement or when attacked, in a wild state. The form and arrangement of the teeth is nearly similar, except in size, among both groups; the principal peculiarity will be observed in the form of the canine teeth, which are of remarkable strength, and in the grinders, the last of which has an additional point, somewhat resembling that of Semnopithecus.

The first genus to be mentioned is Macacus of Lacepédè, into which we have also brought the Rhesus monkey, retaining the two tail-less species by themselves. The Ouanderou has generally been taken for the type of this form; but, before describing it, we shall mention the Macaque of Frederick Cuvier, (Simia cynocephalus, Linnæus), which evidently forms the passage between the Guenons and Baboons. It is distinguished by a blunt and elongated muzzle, forming a facial angle of 40° to 45°; by the prominency of the superciliary crests which cover the eyes, and give a peculiar expression to the physiognomy, and by the comparative shortness of the tail, which is rarely equal to the length of the body.

In this species we still see the colouring of the Guenons, and the length of tail is nearly equal to that of the individuals we last described; but we want the light and agile form, and see the proportions heavily and strongly made. The head is large, the muzzle short, the nose flat, and the superciliary ridges ample and lowering; the fingers are united with a membrane for the length of the first phalanx. The general position of the animal is on all-fours, or seated on its buttocks, and it generally feeds in one of these positions, either by the assistance of its hands, or by placing the muzzle at once among the food, always, however, filling the cheek-pouches, which are ample, before any portion has been swallowed. When asleep, it either lies on one side like a dog, or sits in a bent position, with the head reclining on the breast.

Monkeys have very seldom produced young in a state of confinement in this country, and they have been still more rarely brought to maturity. Frederic Cuvier gives an account of a pair of these animals which produced, though the young survived only a few days. The male and female were confined in separate cages, in sight of each other, and their demonstrations of the softer passions, induced their keepers to allow one habitation; nearly a year after the female proved with young, and in seven months gave birth to a female. It was well formed; the eyes were open at birth, and its nails were complete. It was however too weak to support itself, and the mother treated it with no attention, did not attempt to suckle it, and entirely left it; the next day it died. Some time after, a second female was produced, under similar circumstances, and all attempts to rear it were equally unsuccessful.

Dog-Face Baboons

Another monkey, which ought to stand in this place, is the Toque of Frederic Cuvier, Macacus sinicus. It is remarkable for the slender form of the muzzle, but approaches nearer to Cercocebus in colouring, and has a longer tail than the generality of our present group.

We have now endeavoured to represent.

We shall proceed to the next genus, Inuus of Cuvier, and have given, as an illustration,

The Black Ape

There is another tail-less animal which we would introduce in this place, as forming the real passage to the true Cynocephali. It is the Cynocepkalus niger of Cuvier; while the modem British zoologists place it in company with the Barbary ape and the Rhœsus monkey. The general resemblance and physiognomy ally it to the dog-faced baboons, which is strengthened by the swelled cheeks and flat nose; but the position of the nostrils, with habits characteristic of the Macaci, and the total want of any tail, join it with the preceding. Four specimens only seem yet to be known; one in the Royal Museum in Paris; another in the Tower of London, described by Mr Grey in his Spicelogia Zoologica; another more lately exhibited in Exeter Change, and the fourth in the London Zoological Gardens, which is thus described by Mr Bennet:—

Our animal is of a deep jet black in all its parts, with the exception of its large callosities, which are flesh-coloured. The body is covered with long woolly hair, becoming shorter on the limbs; its ears are small; its tail a mere tubercle, less than an inch in length; and its cheek-pouches seem to be capable of much distension. Its face is broad, rather prominent, slightly narrowing at the muzzle, and abruptly truncate, with the nostrils placed very obliquely on the upper surface. On the top of the head it has a broad tuft of long hairs, falling backwards, and forming a very remarkable crest. The expression of its physiognomy is peculiarly cunning. It seems to be rather violent in its temper, and tyrannizes not a little over the quiet gray Gibbon, which is at present confined in the same cage.

The native country of this monkey is yet somewhat, uncertain; but the best authorities record it as the islands of the Indian Archipelago.

The Cynocephali

With this species we close what was mentioned as the first division of the Baboons, and enter upon the second—the Cynocephali of Cuvier. These, according to the researches of the brother of this great naturalist, consist of only six species, which are again subdivided into two very natural sections. The one, with a considerable length of tail; the other, with the muzzle swollen upon the sides, and in the adults raised into coloured ridges, while the tail is a tubercle finished by a tuft of hairs, and stands erect, appearing, from the position of the coccyx, as if placed upon the lower part of the back itself.

The Cynocephali are all of large size, and indeed exceed that of any of the quadrumanæ, if we except the adult orang-outang; their proportions combine strength and activity, and their physiognomy fierceness with intelligence; while their dispositions are so fickle, or so easily affected—the transition from one passion to another is so rapid, that they are never to be trusted—and the paroxysms of their rage are described by F. Cuvier to be so great, that some have fallen victims to the consequences. That zoologist thinks that in this group the active animal passions are developed to their utmost extent. In a wild state, they possess an intuitive knowledge of what will harm them, and combining with it great cunning, they most frequently disappoint their enemies. They attack at a distance, and threaten with their cries, but only use their powerful strength, and formidable tusks, when compelled by danger. The naturalist we have mentioned above, would even attribute to them a power of higher intelligence—that they will destroy a plantation from revenge, watching their opportunity; and he relates an anecdote of the Chacma,³⁵ which severely bit his keeper upon being threatened to be struck, though the animal had never seen a stick, and had never been beaten. In like manner, he continues, are these animals so susceptible of the instruction of circumstances in a wild state, capable of receiving it artificially from man, and they are often met with performing various feats at the command of their keepers; but he adds, it is only when young that they thus submit. They retain a kind of docility longer than the period of their youth, but it is effected in a different way; their passions or their likings must be administered to. Such was the case with the specimen of the Mandril so long exhibited in Exeter Change, under the name of “Happy Jerry.” He would have done anything for gin and water, and the love of drink became so strong, that he would have made any sacrifice: perhaps some theorists will adduce this common vice as an argument for the common nature of men and monkeys. We have heard of another animal of this kind, possessed of a curious propensity, which might serve as an additional proof towards the same end; he was kept at large by a gentleman, who kept also a pack of harriers, and to enjoy either the noise or the sport, would travel to an eminence whenever the hounds threw off. This love for field-sports had, however, nearly proved fatal. The hounds one day got upon Jerry’s trail on his return home, and he was only saved by a tree occurring opportunely. Superior intelligence was, on this occasion, so far displayed, that Jerry never afterwards enjoyed hare hunting.

These baboons having the general organization of the quadrumanous animals, are necessarily arboreal in their habits, though not to such an extent as the other monkeys of the Old World; and they are at greater ease when on the ground, on account of the more accurate proportion of the hind quarters, though their motions there are still awkward and constrained. Their pace is generally a kind of slow gallop, performed by alternate undulations of the whole fore and hinder parts. Their agility on a tree is, however, surprising when we look at their heavy bodies; they possess all the power of grasping and swinging; take immense leaps, and will in a manner tumble from one part of a tree to another, before the spectator can think it possible. In this way they equally possess qualifications for pursuing or eluding an enemy. They feed chiefly on fruits and roots, or the young and tender shoots of various plants. Their natural country is the warmer parts of Africa and India. They are very susceptible of cold, and great care has to be taken with those kept in confinement in Europe, and, even with every precaution, a few years is generally the limit of their existence. The hair is longer than usual, and forms a sort of mane on the upper parts. For an illustration of the first form among the Cynocephali, we have selected,

Another animal allied in colour is the dog-faced baboon of Pennant, the Tartarin of F. Cuvier, thought originally to be a native of Arabia, but at present rare in the European collections. It is equally fierce and dangerous with the preceding; of a greenish-gray colour; the anterior part of the body clothed with very long and shaggy hair.

The next animals we shall mention are Le Babouin and Le Papion of Frederic Cuvier. The first, apparently, is the Simla cynocephalus of Linnæus, and is thought by the above-mentioned author to be one of those adored in the temple of Hermopolis, and so frequently seen among the Egyptian hieroglyphics.

The colour is of a uniform yellowish-green, paler on the under parts; and the more remarkable deviations of form, are in the nostrils being prolonged to the length of the jaws, separated above by a very marked hollow, and by the lateral cartilages advancing as far forward as that in the centre. The tail is raised at its origin, and appears as if placed in the same position with that of the Mandril, but is of considerable length, reaching below the hams. It may be remarked, that this baboon has been confounded with the next, which Frederic Cuvier considers perfectly distinct and has named Le Papion. This animal is considerably larger in size; the colour is of a ruddier hue; the cartilages of the nose are longer than the jaws; and the colour of the skin on the face, extremities, and ears, are black, while the upper eyelids are white. It is a native of Africa, but hitherto undescribed by any traveller in a state of nature.

To illustrate the second form of the true Cynocephahi we have figured,

The only other animal belonging to this group which we shall mention, is one which was long involved in obscurity, and whose young state was frequently confounded with that we have now described; it is.

With these animals, the forms of the Old World terminate; and we now commence the second great geographical division of the quadrumanæ.

The Monkeys of South America; Those of the New World

The forms contained in this division are almost entirely confined to the tropical regions of the Southern Continent.³⁷ They differ in a remarkable degree from all those we have described in the previous part of this volume, and in no instance can the South American species be classed with the inhabitants of the Indian or African Continents. The most striking outward differences, are the smaller size and less ferocious manners of the greater number, the prehensile tail of many, and the want in all of the cheek-pouches and naked callosities. Internally, the larynx is remarkable for its great developement, and the teeth are thirty-six instead of thirty-two, and, besides, differ considerably in their structure, as will be perceived in the woodcuts we have introduced.

In the arrangement of this geographical group, we have followed that of Geoffrey Saint Hilaire, with the exception of placing the howlers (Mycetes) first, as the Baron Cuvier has done, instead of Ateles, and of following them by that genus, and Cebus of Xerleben.

The Howlers

contain a single genus, named by Illiger Mycetes,³⁸ from the remarkable howling voice of the animals. It is characterised by a facial angle of about 30°; the tail very long, naked at the extremity, and prehensile.

The dentition, according to Frederic Cuvier, is nearly similar in this and the two next genera; and we add the delineation which he considers typical of these forms.

But the prominent character in this group is the extraordinary developement of the larynx, which is ventricose, and appears on the outside in the form of a swelling. The internal structure of this member, in the Mono colorado of Humboldt, is thus described in his Zoological Observations, and will serve as a model for the others.

The bony case of the os hyoides, measured by water, gave a size equal to four cubic inches; the larynx was slightly attached by muscular fibres, and communicated by a membranous canal. The larynx consisted of six pouches of ten lines in length, to from three to five in depth. These pouches resemble those of the small whistling monkeys, squirrels, and some birds. They have an opening above on the same side with that of the glottis, by which the air cannot enter without shutting the epiglottis. Above the pouches there are two others, of which the lips or borders are yellowish. These are the pyramidal sacks which enter into the bony case, and are formed by membranous partitions. The air is driven into these sacks, which are from three to four inches long, and terminate in a point, but come in contact with no part of the large hyoid bone opening below. The fifth pouch is found in the opening of the arythenoid cartilage, and is situated between the pyramidal sacks of the same form, but shorter; and the sixth pouch is formed by the bony drum itself, within which the voice acquires the mournful and plaintive tone which characterises these animals.³⁹

The annexed cut, from Humboldt, will show the form of the drum of the os hyoides.

The howlers are also the largest of the American monkeys; in their disposition, and fierce manners, and declination of the facial angle, they may be said to represent the Baboons of the Old World, while, in the nightly howlings and gregarious habits, they bear some analogy to the Gibbons. The form of this genus will be seen in

Another singular species was discovered by Humboldt—the Mycetes flavicauda, and is described by him under the name of “Le clioro de lo provence a Jaen.” It inhabits the banks of the river Amazon, in the provinces of Jaen and Maynas. The colour is a brown, shading to black, and dullest on the lower parts; the face yellowish-brown; the tail, shorter than the body, is the most characteristic mark, and is greenish-black, adorned upon the sides with two yellowish stripes, an anomalous distribution of colour among this family. The hair is very long, soft and shining, and the skin forms an object of commerce among the natives; it is also used by them to cover seats, and for the saddlecloths of the mules on which the periodical journey to the Cordilleras is made.

The other animals which constitute this group are only seven in number, and inhabit the western provinces, where abundance of wood is essentially necessary for them. They are gregarious, and generally very abundant, and in all the sonorous voice is conspicuous.

The next group which occurs is

The Sapajous

Containing animals of a more slender form; milder dispositions; the face rather flat; the tail very long, and the whole form in the general contour allied to the Guenons of the Old World. The first genus to be mentioned is Ateles of Geoffroy, so named from the imperfect structure of the fore extremities, which want the thumbs, and thus bear analogy to those of Colobus in the first geographical division. It may be characterised by a facial angle of about 60°; by the extremities being very long and slender; the fore hands destitute of a thumb, or having that member supplied by a rudiment; the tail very long, covered at the tip with a delicate skin, strongly prehensile; the os hyoides large, but not apparent on the outside.

By Geoffroy, two species, which have a rudimentary thumb, are generally placed at the commencement of this genus—the A. hypoxanthus and Subpentadactylus; but the form is well represented by

The Marimonda

Another curious animal belonging to this group is the Chuva of Humboldt, (Ateles marginatus, Geoffroy.) inhabiting the province of Jaen de Bracamoros on the river of the Amazons, where they live also in troops, but always separate from the Marimonda. It resembles that animal in its manners, but is distinguished by the larger size and deep black colour of the upper parts, and in the breast and inner sides of the legs and arms only being white.

Humboldt’s Lagothrix

The next form occurring, is named by Geoffroy Lagothrix; and we regret that we have been unable to procure any illustration of it. The genus may be characterised by a facial angle of 50°. The head rounder than in the last; hands provided with thumbs; the tail long and prehensile, naked at the tip underneath; the os hyoides outwardly apparent; the hair rough and curled. Two species only are yet discovered; the one mentioned by Geoffroy and Desmarest, but yet imperfectly known; said to inhabit Brasil; of a grayish ash colour, with reddish head, hands, and tail. The other, discovered by Humboldt and described by him under the name of Caparro, has been dedicated by Geoffroy to that naturalist, and will stand in our systems as Lagothrix Humboldtii. It inhabits the banks of the Guaviaré, one of the tributaries of the Oronooko, where it was discovered by Humboldt and Bonpland, in the hut of an Indian, who had taken it in an excursion to the west. It is an animal of considerable size, being about two feet two inches in length, exclusive of the tail. The head is round, and singularly large. The hair is long, strong, and uniformly of a martin gray; having the tips black. The face is naked and black, but the mouth is surrounded by long and stiff bristles. The tail, slightly longer than the body, is prehensile, and naked at the extremity. They live in numerous bands, and are frequently seen, says Humboldt, raised upon the hinder extremities. We are not aware of a specimen of this animal in any of the collections in this country.

We must now describe another form, included in the genus Cebus of Xerleben. The animals contained in this genus, exhibit great activity; are excellent climbers, and in all their members show great adaptation for a silvan life. The fore hands are very perfectly formed, more so than those of the monkeys of the Old Continent, and the thumb bears a better proportion, from its greater length; the palms of both fore and hinder extremities are very sensible of touch. The general size is small, the dispositions mild and playful; the food chiefly fruit and insects; they are gregarious, and, generally speaking, they may be said to supply the place of the Guenons of the Old World. They embrace all the remaining monkeys of the New World, which are possessed of prehensile tails.

The characters of this genus are. a facial angle of about 60°; head round, and the muzzle short; the tail prehensile, and entirely covered with hair. The first species we shall mention is

The most common species of Sapajou, and that which is most frequently seen in this country, is the Weeper monkey, Cebus appella of zoologists. It recommends itself for confinement by its good temper, playful disposition, and hardy constitution. It is also of a small size; and, though not clothed in a fur of rich colour, it is of a chaste and pleasing tinge, and, when the animal is healthy, of a shining, soft and silky texture. The shades are generally a sort of olive, tinged with a golden yellow on the light parts; the face is surrounded with a circle of paler colours, which varies considerably in its shade and breadth, being in some nearly wanting. This has given rise to several species being formed from it, and to some confusion in its alliance to one or two other Sapajous; and, indeed, Humboldt seems almost of opinion, that the animal we have just now figured is only a variety of this. Some have been known to produce young ones in confinement.

Another allied species, described by the last-mentioned naturalist, is the Ouavapavi des cataractes—Cebus albifrons. It is about the same size, the colour of the face grayish-blue, except the orbits and front, which are pure white; and the contrast thus exhibited, at once distinguishes it from those above noticed. The general colour of the body is grayish-olive, lighter on the back and belly. Humboldt met with this animal in troops in the forests near the cataracts of the Oronooko, and the mission of Santa Barbara. They are extremely mild in disposition, and very active; often kept by the Indians, and one was seen by Humboldt, at Maypures, which every morning caught a pig, and continued seated on his back during the day, while feeding in the savanna round the Indian huts. Another is mentioned, in the house of a missionary, which would often ride upon a cat, which had been reared in its company, and which patiently suffered the exploits of the Ouavapavi.

Like the Guenons of the Old Continent, the Sapajous are the most numerous group in America; fifteen or sixteen species seem to be well established, and are enumerated in our Synopsis. We shall only describe another in this place, which is remarkable chiefly for the great proportional size of the head. It is,

We now come to another form, which, though joined by many zoologists with the preceding, presents very considerable differences in form and habits. We begin to enter with it those small species where the nails take the form of claws, and where the habits become more akin to the little carnivora; raw meat, insects, and birds are relished by them, and the latter are taken with great activity. The nearest in alliance to the Sapajous is the genus Callithrix of Geoffroy characterised by a facial angle of 60°; ears proportionally very large; the body slender; the tail longer than the body, entirely hairy, but not prehensile; the nails straight and raised; colours of the fur bright. The type of the genus has been taken by Geoffroy in the Simia sciurea of Linnæus, which should now stand as

Another remarkable animal belonging to this group is mentioned by Humboldt under the name of Macavacahow—Simla lugens. It is extremely rare; one specimen having only been seen by that naturalist, who met with it in the forests bordering the Cassiquaire and Guaviaré. As far as he could learn, it was one of those few species which live in pairs, and that opinion is confirmed by the fear and dislike which it exhibited when placed near even some of the most diminutive species of the same genus.

It was extremely shy, and only when alone exhibited its activity; when persons were near, though occupied with general business, it would remain for hours in immovable attention to all that passed, refusing even food, though it had long fasted. But when alone, the sight of a bird at once rouses it. It darts upon it like a cat, swallows it in a second, and in its whole manner at this time, resembles a small carnivorous animal.

The colour of the body is a shining black, In some parts with a purplish lustre, and the texture of the hair is remarkably soft and shining. The face appears as a square mask of bluish-white, which is surrounded by a narrow margin of a purer tinge, and two stripes of the same colour run from the eyes to the temples; the throat is marked with a white band, and the hands are of the same colour on the outsides, somewhat resembling, and compared by the natives to a pair of white gloves; the tail is not much longer than the body, and not at all used as a prehensile instrument.

Eight species of this curious little group are described, which generally have the same habits, and show a beautiful gradation of both form and manners to some of the small carnivora. We are not sure that this is their proper situation, but prefer following the arrangement of Geoffroy and Desmarest. Any alterations which we could now make are only upon insufficient grounds.

The next form which succeeds in the system we have presently adopted, is one of as great singularity, and is yet represented by a single individual, discovered by Humboldt; it is,

The next form among the American monkeys is the Pithecia of Geoffrey, which are also nocturnal in their habits, and have received the appellation of “night apes,” and also of “fox-tailed apes,” from the bushy tail. They may be characterised by a facial angle of 60°. Head round; muzzle short; canine teeth longer than the others; the tail not prehensile, shorter than the body and bushy; the nails short and bent; gregarious; nocturnal. The first we shall describe is

The next animal we shall mention, has been placed last in this genus by Desmarest, and seems to differ from the others considerably; it is,

We have now reached the group of small animals, which will conclude the first great division of the quadrumanous animals, or what generally go under the title of monkeys; by Geoffroy they are made to form a family, which he denominates Arctopitheci, and divides into two subgenera; the great distinction is their squirrel-like action, and carnivorous propensities, and in the nails being in the form of sharp claws i the first genus has been denominated Hapales;⁴⁵ from the soft nature of the fur it may be thus characterised, and differs, as we shall see in the sequel, very slightly from that which follows. The facial angle about 50°; the head round, most prominent at the occiput; claws, except on the thumbs of the posterior extremities; lower cutting teeth unequal and cylindrical. The first species we shall notice is.

Another species without the barring is the H. melanurus, or black-tailed Ouistiti, and which is considered by Khul to make the passage to the next genus Midas, or the Tamarins. This is our last genus in this division, and is characterised nearly as the preceding, but differs in the dentition; the lower incisors are equal, and cut in a sloping direction; the forehead appears more prominent by the projection of the orbits.

One of the allying species is the Midas ursulus of Geoffroy, which is about the same size with the common Ouistiti, and has the back undulated with a black and brown colour, in a somewhat similar manner to that species; unlike it, however, this animal was very ill-natured, and showed his teeth upon the least motion near him, bit severely, or attempted it, when touched. One of the most pleasing in appearance is.

The next animal we shall describe is perhaps the smallest monkey known, it is

Synopsis

Order I. Quadrumana⁴⁶

Character of Order. Teeth of three kinds, incisor, canine, and molar.⁴⁷ Four extremities furnished with long and flexible hands, having opposable thumbs, chiefly formed for grasping. Clavicles complete. Bones of the limbs separate, and capable of pronation and supination. Pectoral mammas, two or four. The orbital and temporal fossæ [indecipherable]. The stomach, simple. Food, fruits, roots, and insects. Habits, chiefly arboreal, living in forests or craggy precipices. Native countries, the warm parts of Africa, India, and America.⁴⁸ Contains two great families, Simiadæ and Lemuridæ.

Synopsis of the Simiadæ

1. Fam. Simiadæ. Four incisive teeth in each jaw opposed. Nose, more or less prominent. Pectoral mammæ, generally two. (Two sub-families.)
   1. Sub. Fam. Simiæ catarrhini, Monkeys of the Old World. Number of teeth 32. Molar teeth, five on each side, crowned with blunt tubercles. Nostrils separated by a very narrow division. The tail never prehensile. With or without cheek-pouches and callosities. Inhabit the old world only.
   2. Sub. Fam. Simiæ platyrrhini, Monkeys of the New World. Number of teeth 36. Molar teeth on each side six. Nostrils separated by a broad division. The tail long; often prehensile. No cheek pouches or callosities. Inhabit the warm parts of Southern America.

I. Sub-Family Catarrhini

Orangs

• Genus I.—Troglodites, Geoffroy. Muzzle short; facial angle 50°; ears large, and lying close to the head; arms comparatively short, reaching to the lower part of the thighs; tail, cheek-pouches, and callosities wanting.
  1. Plate I.⁴⁹—T. Niger, Black or African Orang.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 87; Desm. Mamm. 49. Hair black, long and shaggy upon the back and shoulders; height of the adults, 5 to 6 feet; of the young seen in confinement in Europe, 2 to 3 feet. Inhabits the coasts of Angola and Congo.
• Genus II.—Pithecus, Geoffroy. Muzzle more lengthened than in the last; facial angle 65°; centre upper cutting teeth double in breadth to those at each side; canine teeth in the young not exceeding the others in length; in the adults twice as long, straight, and very strong; ears small; arms long; tail, cheek-pouches., and callosities wanting.
  1. Plates II. and II*.—P. satyrus, Red or Asiatic Orang.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 33 88; Desm. Mamm. p. 50; Abel’s Embass. p. 319 and 365. Hair long and shaggy, shining reddish brown; adults very strong and powerful; height from 5 to 7 feet; young seen in confinement in Europe from 3 to 4 feet. Inhabits the interior forests of Borneo and Eastern Asia. Most probably the Pongo.
• Genus III.—Hylobates, Illiger. Muzzle short; head round •, facial angle 60°; canine teeth longer than the others; arms very long., reaching to the ground; tail and cheek-pouches wanting; with or without naked callosities.
  1. Plate III.—H. hoolock, the Hoolock—Simia hoolock, Harl. Trans, of Am. Phil Soc. Hair deep chocolate brown; face surrounded with a pale circle, most distinct on the forehead; no callosities. Inhabits Goalpara.
  2. H. lar, Common Gibbon.—Simia lar, Linn. Pithecus lar, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 88; Desm. Mamm. p. 50. Hair black; the face surrounded with gray; small callosities on the buttocks. Inhabits Eastern India, particularly Coromandel, Malacca, and the Moluccas.
  3. H. albimana,⁵⁰ White-handed Gibbon.—Simia albimana, Vig. and Horsf. Zool. Jour. No. xiii. p. 107. Hair black; the face surrounded with gray; the four hands whitish. Inhabits Sumatra.

  4. H. variegatus, Little Gibbon.—Pithecus variegatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 88; Desm. Mamm. p. 51. Hair gray, varied with brown. Inhabits Malacca.

     Differs from the two preceding in the colour of the hair, and its less size; by many considered as a variety only, and not well established as a species.

  5. H. leuciscus. The Wow-wow.—Pithecus leuciscus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 59 89; Desm. Mamm. p. 51. Hair ash gray; the face black, surrounded by a circle of light gray; hands, feet, and ears, nearly black; callosities large. Inhabits Malacca and the Sunda-Isles.
  6. Plate IV.—H. syndactyla. The Siamang.—Simla syndactyla. Raff. Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii. p. 241; Horsf. Java. Hair black; neck and upper part of the breast naked, and prominent from the size of the laryngeal sacks; first and second finger of lower extremities united to the end of the second phalanx; callosities none. Inhabits Island of Sumatra.
  7. Plate V.—H. agilis.—The Active Gibbon.—Fred. Cuv. Mammif. Hair clear brown, changing to a shining yellow on the back; white band above the eyes; face bare, in the male blue, in the female yellow; callosities small. Lives in troops, and displays very great agility. Inhabits Sumatra.

Guenons

• Genus IV.—Presbytis, Eschscholtz. Facial angle 60°; cheek-pouches none; callosities distinct; tail long; arms reaching to the knees.
  1. P. mitrula, the Capped Monkey.—Eschsch. in Kotzeb. Voy. of Discov. Hair curled, above bluish gray, beneath grayish white; a black line from the upper part of the ears across the head; length of the body about 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) foot, tail long. Inhabits Sumatra.⁵¹
• Genus V.—Colobus, Illiger. Muzzle short; nostrils approximated; tail longer than the body; limbs slender; upper extremities without thumbs.
  1. C. polycomus, Full-bottomed Monkey.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 92; Desm. Mamm. p. 53. Neck with a mane in the form of a hood, covering the upper part of the back and shoulders, variegated with black and fawn colour; body deep shining black; tail pure white. Inhabits the forests of Guinea and Sierra Leone.
  2. C. Ferruginosus, Bay Monkey.—Desm. Mamm.; p. 53. Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 92. Bay Monkey, Penn Quad. Hair ferruginous; crown of the head, hands, and tail black. Inhabits Guinea.
  3. C. Temminckii, Temminck’s Colobus.—Khul. MSS.; Desm. Mamm. p. 53. Upper parts, shoulders, and outer part of the thighs black; belly yellowish red; limbs clear red; face and tail reddish purple; length about 2 feet 8 or nine inches, including the tail. Native country unknown. The only specimen known was purchased by M. Temminck, at the sale of Bullock’s collection.
• Genus VI.—Nasalis, Geoffroy. Muzzle short; facial angle about 50°; the nose unproportionally lengthened; the nostrils at the extremity, on the under side; the body very thick; cheek-pouches and callosities; thumbs of anterior extremities slender; tail longer than the body.
  1. Plate VI.—N. larvatus, The Proboscis Monkey.—Hair reddish-brown; patched on the lower part of the back with lighter spots; face black. Inhabits Borneo.
  2. N. recorvus, Turned-up Proboscis Monkey. Nasalis recurvus, Vig. and Horsf. Zool. Journ. xiii. p. 110. Hair reddish-brown, under parts paler; middle of the back and inside of the limbs gray; nose turned up. Inhabits Borneo. Perhaps the young of N. Larvatus.
• Genus VII.—Lasiopyga, Illiger. Facial angle from 503 to 60°; the muzzle only slightly elongated; face bare; hands longer than the fore-arm; thumbs on the anterior extremities short and slender; cheek-pouches; tail long; no callosities; the buttocks fringed with hair.
  1. Plate VII.—L. nemea, Cochin-China Monkey.—Pygathrix, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 90. Guenon Douc, Desm. Mamm. 54. Hair of brilliant colours; upper part of the head brown, with a frontal hand of deep chestnut; hair of the cheeks very long, dirty white; fore-arms white, extending to the thumbs and fingers, which are black; tail white. Inhabits Cochin-China. (Madagascar, according to Harcourt.)
• Genus VIII.—Semnopithecus, Cuvier. Head round; nose flat; facial angle 45°; limbs long; thumbs of anterior extremities very short; cheek-pouches and naked callosities; tail very long and thin; posterior grinder of the lower jaw with five points; form slender. India and Indian Archipelago.
  1. Plate VIII.—S. melalophos, the Simpai.—Fred. Cuv. Mammif. Simia melalophos, Raff. Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii. The face blue; forehead with a black band of long hairs, in the form of a tuft or crest; the hair of the upper parts clear red-brown; beneath, and in the inside of the limbs, tawny and whitish. Inhabits Island of Sumatra.
  2. S. maurus, Negro Monkey.—Middle-size Black Monkey, Edw. Glean. S. maurus, Horsf. Hair soft and silky, intensely black; the breast, belly, inner surface of extremities and root of the tail, gray; in very old individuals, crown and upper parts tinged with gray. Inhabits Island of Java.
  3. Plate IX.—S. entellus, the Entellus Monkey.—Entelle, Audeb. Cercopithecus entellus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus., xix. 95. Hair yellowish-white, paler beneath; face and hands black. Inhabits Bengal.
  4. S. pyrrhus, the Lutung.—Horsf. Java. Hair soft and silky; above, shining red; beneath, and inside the limbs, fawn coloured, inhabits Java. (Allied to Cercopithecus auratus.)
  5. S. pruinosus.—Desm. Mamm. Sup. p. 533. Hair black, mixed with white, without a white spot at the origin of the tail, as in S. maurus: tail brown. Inhabits Sumatra, (Allied to S. maurus.)
  6. S. comatus.—Desm. Mamm. Supp. p. 533. Hair above gray, beneath whitish; tail tipped with white; hair of the crown black, long, forming an aigrette behind, and concealing the cars. Inhabits Sumatra.
• Genus IX.—Cercopithecus, Geoffroy. The head round; forehead receding; facial angle 50°; no superciliary ridges; nose flat; cheek-pouches and callosities; tail longer than the body. Africa and India.
  1. C. auratus. Golden Guenon.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 93. Desm. Mamm. p. 56. Above, golden yellow; beneath, paler; black spot upon the knee; hair of the breast and cheeks long. Inhabits India and Molucca.
  2. C. talapoin, the Talapoin Monkey.—Penn. Quad. 206. Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 93. Hair above, olive; beneath, yellowish-white; feet black. Inhabits India, according to Buffon. (Described from Buffon. Supposed by F .Cuvier to be the young of Cercocebus cynosurus.)
  3. C. latibarbus, Purple-faced Bearded Monkey.—Desm. Mamm. p. 57. Guenon à face pourpre, Buff. Simia dentata, Shaw. Adult, hair woolly, black; a large beard extending laterally; tail tufted at the end. Young, hair entirely red. Native country unknown.
  4. C. cephus, Mustache Monkey.—Simia cephus, Linn. Guenon moustac, Desm. Mamm. p. 57. Hair greenish-brown, (according to Geoff, reddish-brown,) latter half of the tail white; nose and lips blue. Inhabits Guinea, Geoff.
  5. C. pileatus, Bonneted Monkey.—Simia pileata, Shaw. Guenon couronnée, Desm. Mamm. p. 57. Hair above brownish-yellow; beneath whitish; forehead adorned with long hairs erect in a tuft. Native country unknown. (Allied to Cercocebus sinicus.)
  6. Plate X.—C. mona, Varied Monkey.—Simia mona, Linn. Guenon mone, Desm. Mamm. p. 58. Upper part of the head, bright yellowish-green; hair of the cheeks yellow: body deep chestnut, a white spot on each buttock. Native country uncertain, most probably Africa.
  7. C. nictitans, White-nosed Monkey.—Guenon hocheur, Desm. Mamm. p. 58. Le hocheur, Audeb. Body black, sprinkled with greenish-gray; extremities black above: lower part of the chin white; nose more than usually long, white. Inhabits the coast of Guinea.
  8. C. petaurista, Vaulting Monkey.—Simia petaurista Linn. Le blanc nez, and ascagne, Audeb. Hair above reddish, white below; outer part of the extremities greenish, inside gray; lower part of the nose white. Inhabits coast of Guinea.
  9. Plate XI.—C. ruber, the Red Monkey.—Red monkey, Penn. Guenon patas, Desm. Mamm., p. 59. Above reddish, gray beneath; hair of the cheeks long; a narrow band above the eyes black. Inhabits Senegal.
  10. C. Diana, Diana or Palatine Monkey.—Simia Diana, Linn. Exquina, Margrave. Guenon Diane, Desm. Mamm. p. 60. Hair of a deep chestnut on the back, dark gray on the flanks, with an oblique light line on the thighs; forehead adorned with a white crescent-shaped band; chin and throat white. Inhabits Congo and the Guinea coast.
  11. C. albocinereus, Grey guenon.—Guenon grisblanc, Desm. Mamm. Supp. p. 534. Hair gray above, lower parts whitish; a band of black crosses the forehead; extremities black; tail brown. Inhabits Island of Sumatra.
  12. C. pygerythræus, Red-breasted Monkey.—F. Cuv. Mammif. Guenon Vervet., Desm. Mamm. Supp. p. 534. Above greenish-gray; beneath white; hair round the anus dull reddish; tail tipped with black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
• Genus XII.—Cercocebus, Geoffroy. The muzzle lengthened; the forehead receding: facial angle about 45°; large cheek-pouches; callosities large; tail longer than the body. Africa and India.
  1. Plate XIII.—C. sabæus, the Callitrix or Green Monkey.—Simia sabea, Linn. Guenon callitriche, F. Cuv. Mammif.; Desm. Mamm. p. 61. Singe vert, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 97 98. Above olive-green; shaded beneath from yellowish-green to white; face black, surrounded with long hair. Inhabits Cape de Verd islands, Senegal, the Mauritius.
  2. C. cynosurus, the Malbrouk.—Guenon Malbrouck, F. Cuv. Mammif.; Desm. Mamm. p. 60. Cercopithecus cynosurus Malbrouc, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 96. Above olive-brown, shading to whitish on the under parts; a white band above the eyes. Inhabits Bengal.
  3. C. griseo viridis, the Grivet.—Le Grivet, F. Cuv. Mammif. Guenon grivet, Desm. Mamm. p. 61. Grayish green, paler beneath; tail gray for the whole length. Inhabits Africa. (Allied to the two preceding species.)
  4. Plate XII.—4. C. fuliginosus, Mangabey or White Eyelid Monkey.—Le Mangabey, F. Cuv. Mammif. Guenon enfumée, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 97; Desm. Mamm. p. 62. Entirely of a gray sooty black, paler beneath; the upper eyelids white and conspicuous. Inhabits Ethiopia.
  5. C. æthiops, White Collared Mangabey.—Cercocebe mangabey, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 97. Guenon mangabey, Desm. Mamm. p. 62. The crown chestnut-brown, the upper parts purplish brown; a white band surrounding the back of the neck. Inhabits Ethiopia.
  6. C. atys, the Atys.—Simia atys, Audeb. Atys, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 99. Guenon atys, Desm. Mamm. p. 62. Entirely of a yellowish-white; the naked parts of the skin flesh-coloured. (By Geoffroy it is said to be an albino variety of some unknown species, and to inhabit India.)
• Genus XIII.—Macacus, Lacepede. Facial angle about 40° or 45°; muzzle elongated; superciliary ridges distinct; canine teeth strong and large (longer than in the preceding genus;) the tail shorter than the third of the length of the body, or more; the form strong and compact.
  1. Plate XIV.—M. silenus, the Ouanderow.—Simia canina, Penn. Macaque a crinière, Cuv. Reg. An. Papio silenus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 100 102. Macaque ouanderow, Desm. Mamm. p. 63. Above black; the hair of the back of the neck long, and, with the beard, Arming a thick ruff, gray; under parts gray; tail ending with a tuft of hairs. Inhabits the Island of Ceylon.
  2. M. sinicus, Chinese Monkey.—Simia sinica, Linn. Bonnet-chinois, Audeb. Cereocebe bonnet-chinois, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 64 98. Macaque bonne-chinois, Desm. Mamm. p. 64. Chestnut-brown, paler beneath; hair of the crown long, and spreading out from the centre to the sides. Inhabits Bengal and Ceylon.

  3. M. radiatus, the Toque.—Cereocebe toque, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 98. Macaque toque, Desm. Mamm. p. 64. Above greenish-brown; beneath gray; hair of the crown long, and spreading out from the centre to the sides. Inhabits India.

     Nos. 2 and 3 are closely allied to Cercocebus, and their station in the System does not seem clearly established. They are interesting forms, and ought to be kept in new by the zoologist.

  4. M. cynomologus, Hare-lipped Monkey.—Cercocebe aigrette and macaque, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 99, Macaque, Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Macaque ordinaire, Desm. Mamm. p. 62 65. The male, above olive, beneath grayish-white; feet black; canine teeth strong, length, including tail, 3 feet 3 inches. The female less; canine teeth weaker; hair of the crown directed towards the centre, and forms a ridge or tuft to the occiput. Inhabits Guinea and interior of Africa, Desm. Java, Geoff.
  5. Vignette.—M. rhesus, Rhesus Monkey or Pig-tailed Baboon.—Magot rhesus, Inuus rhesus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 101; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Macaque maimon, Desm. Mamm. 66. “Upper part of the body grayish-green; tail short, and wrinkled at the base; buttocks golden-yellow; extremities gray.”—Desm. Inhabits Eastern India, and forests on the banks of the Ganges.

  6. M. nemestrina, Brown Baboon.—Maimon, Inuus nemestrinus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 101. Macaque brun, Desm. Mamm. p. 66. “Above deep brown; middle of the head and a dorsal band black; tail small and slender, reaching to the middle of the thigh; extremities and head yellowish.”—Desm. Inhabits Java and Sumatia.

     The Synonymy of Nos. 5 and 6 have often been confounded. Their situation is undetermined. Geoffroy places them with the Barbary Ape, so does Mr Gray, rejecting entirely Cuvier’s genus Inuus. We have followed Desmarest, as most in accordance with our own opinion.

     There are, it is probable, other [indecipherable] species which have not been properly characterised. Desmarest mentions one above two feet in length; the back above brownish-black; the shoulders olive; the outer surface of the feet yellowish-gray; under part of the throat grayish-white belly yellowish; ears small, white hairs behind each.

  7. M. niger. Black Baboon.—Cynocephale negre, Desm. Mamm. Supp. p. 534. Black ape, Macacus niger, Zool. Gardens, i. p. 169 189. Entirely black; fur woolly; the hair on the head long, falling back, and forming a crest; tail a tubercle. Inhabits islands of Indian Archipelago. Desm.

     Differs from the type in the elongation of the muzzle, and want of tail; by the former allied to the baboons, by the latter to the next genus Inuus.

• Genus XIV.—Inuus, Cuvier. Facia, angle about 40°; muzzle elongated; the hands lengthened; tail none, or a tubercle.
  1. Plate XV.—I. sylvanus, Barbary Ape.—Simia inuus, Linn., Magot African, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 100. Magot, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Macaque magot, Macacus inuus, Desm. Mamm. p. 67. Above greenish-gray; paler underneath and in the inner sides of the limbs. Tail a short cutaneous tubercle.

Baboons

• Genus XV.—Cynocephalus, Brisson. Facial angle from 30° to 35°; superciliary ridges prominent; muzzle long, truncated at the end where the nostrils are placed; tail as long as the body.
  1. C. babuin, Little Baboon.—Petit papion, Buff. Papion cynocephale, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 102. Babuin, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Cynocephale babuin, Desm. Mamm. p. 68. Male, above yellowish-green, beneath paler; the face livid; cartilage of the nostrils not longer than the upper jaw. Female unknown. Inhabits Northern Africa.
  2. C. papio, Guinea Baboon.—Papion, Audeb. Papio sphinx, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 103. Cynocephale papion, Desm. Mamm. p. 69. Above brown, paler beneath; cheeks yellowish; face, ears, and hands, black; cartilage of the nostrils longer than the jaws. In the young the muzzle is shorter. Inhabits the coast of Guinea.
  3. Plate XVI.—C. porcarius, the Chacma.—Simia porcaria, Linn. Papio porcarius and comatus, Bahuin pore and chevelu, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 102 and 103. Chacma, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Cynocephale chacma, Desm. Mamm. p. 69. Simia ursina, Penn. Greenish-black, palest on the fore part of the shoulders; hair long upon the neck, in the form of a mane; face violet black; upper eyelids white. Female without the mane. Inhabits Southern Africa, Cape of Good Hope.
  4. C. hamadryas, Dog-faced Baboon.—Simia hamadryas, Linn. Dog-faced ape, Penn. Tartarin, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 103; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Cynocephale tartarin, Desm. Mamm. p. 69. Blackish-gray tinged with brown; hair of the fore parts long, forming a shaggy mane; face flesh colour. Female and young with short muzzles, coloured blue. Inhabits Moco, borders of the Persian Gulf, Arabia.
• Genus XVI.—Papio, Brisson. Proportions much stronger than Cynocephali, and distinguished from them by the tail being very short, almost a tubercle, and perpendicular to the dorsal line. Dentition very powerful.
  1. Plate XVII.—P. mormon, the Mandril.—Simia mormon, Linn. Variegated Baboon, Penn. Mandril, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 104; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Cynocephale mandril, Desm. Mamm. p. 70. Yellowish-olive, tinged with gray above, beneath white; beard yellow; muzzle furrowed; livid, but bright red and blue. In the young the furrows do not appear. Inhabits Africa, on the Gold and Guinea coast.

  2. Plate XVIII.—P. leucophæus, the Drill.—Simia leucophæa, F. Cuv. Ann. du Mus. ix.; Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Cynocephale drill, Desm. Mamm. p. 71. Above greenish-brown tinged with gray, beneath white. Face of males, females, and young, uniform dull black. Under lip red. No furrows on the muzzle. Inhabits Africa.

     We have deviated from the text of the volume in dividing the Cynocephali. Though very closely allied, and by most writers united either under Cynocephalus or Papio, they are always divided into sections, and we generally prefer an entire separation to divisions of that kind.

     One or two baboons are mentioned by Pennant upon dubious authority, which it is not necessary to introduce here, as proper characters could not be given.

II. Sub-Family Platyrrhini

Howlers

• Genus XVII.—Mycetes, Illiger. Facial angle about 30°; canine teeth strong; tail long, prehensile, naked at the extremity on the under side; os hyoides ventricose, apparent on the outside; gregarious; howling during night; largest and fiercest of the South American group.
  1. M. seniculus, the Mono Colorado, or Red Howler.—Simia seniculus, Linn. Stentor seniculus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 107. Mono Colorado, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 354. Alouate roux, Desm. Mamm. p. 77. Fur reddish-brown, brightest on the tail and extremities; under parts nearly hairless; face naked and black. Inhabits French Guiana, banks of the rivers Madeleine and Darien.

  2. Plate XIX.—M. ursinus, the Araguato Stentor ursinus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 108. Araguato de Caraccas, Humb. Obs. Zool. pp. 329 and 355. Alouate ourson, Desm. Mamm. p. 78. Entirely reddish-brown, and clothed with long hair on every part; bearded; face bluish-black. Inhabits Venezuela, New Barcelona, banks of the Oronooko.

     Differs from the preceding in the hair being very long, and in being clothed on the under parts.

  3. M. stramineus, the Arabata.—Stentor stramincus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 108; Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 355. Alouate arabate, Desm. Mamm. p. 78. Hair entirely straw-yellow, darker, or of a brownish colour at the roots. Inhabits Peru.
  4. M. Belzebuth, the Guariba.—Simia Belzebuth, Linn. Stentor fuscus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 108. Stentor guariba, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 355. Alouate guariba, Desm. Mamm. p. 78. Brownish-chestnut, passing into chestnut on the head and back; the tips of the hair golden colour. Inhabits Brasil.
  5. M. flavicaudatus, the Chora.—Stentor flavicaudatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 108. Simia flavicauda, Chora, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 343 and 355. Alouate chora, Desm. Mamm. p. 79. Brownish-black, darker on the back; tail blackish-olive, adorned on the sides with two yellow stripes. Inhabits the province of Jaen, banks of the river Amazon.
  6. M. niger, the Caraya.—Stentor niger, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 108. Simia caraya, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 355. Alouate caraya, Desm. Mamm. p. 79. Rich shining black; tail rather short; female and young with the sides and under parts yellowish-brown. Inhabits Paraguay, Bahia.

  7. M. rufimanus, Red-Handed Howler.—Mycetes rufimanus, Khul MSS.; Desm. Mamm. p. 79. Black; wrists and hands, and extreme half of the tail, reddish-brown; lower parts nearly without hair. Native country unknown.

     The description of this species is only known from the MSS. of Khul, taken from a specimen purchased by M. Termminck at the dispersion of Bullock’s Museum.

Sapajous

• Genus XVIII.—Ateies, Geoffroy. Head round; facial angle about 60°; extremities proportionally very long and slender; the anterior hands with four fingers, or the thumb supplied by a rudiment only; tail very long; powerfully prehensile, having a part without hair, covered with a very delicate and sensible skin on the under side; os hyoides large, but not apparent from the outside; habits and movements slow and indolent.
  1. A. hypoxanthus, the Miriki.—Atèle hypoxanthe, Desm. Mamm. p. 72. Of a yellowish-gray; vent and base of the tail often reddish-yellow; face flesh-colour; thumb a short rudiment, furnished with a nail. Inhabits Brasil between the 13° and 23° of S. latitude.
  2. A. subpentadactylus, the Chameck.—Atèle chameck, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 105; vii. 267; Desm. Mamm. p. 73. Chameck, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 353. Entirely black; thumb a rudiment, without a nail. Inhabits French Guiana and Peru.

  3. Plate XX.—A. paniscus, the Coaita.—Simia paniscus, Linn. Atèle paniscus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 105; vii. 269. Atèle coaita, Desm. Mamm. p. 73. Coaita, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 352 353; Fred. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Entirely black; thumb wanting on the anterior extremities. Inhabits Guiana, Brasil.

     Distinguished from the last by the less size, and want of the thumb on the anterior hands.

  4. A. belzebuth, the Marimonda.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 106; vii. p. 271. Atele belzebuth, Desm. Mamm. p. 74. Marimonda de l’Oronoque, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. pp. 327, 353. Dusky black, under parts yellowish-white in the males; white in the female and young. Inhabits banks of Oronooko.
  5. A. marginatus, the Chava.—Geoff. Ann du Mus. xiii. p. 90 89; xix. p. 106. Atele chuva, Desm. Mamm. p. 75. Chuva, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 354. Black: face surrounded with white or yellowish; breast and insides of the limbs grayish-white. Inhabits province of Jaen, banks of the rivers Santiago and Amazons.
  6. A. arachnoides, Spider Monkey.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 90; xix. p. 109 106. Simia arachnoides, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 354. Atèle arachnoide, Desm. Mamm. p. 75. Grayish-yellow; fur very soft; eyebrows black. Inhabits Brasil.

  7. A. melanochir, Black-Handed Coaita.—Atèle melonochiere, Desm. Mamm. p. 76. Gray; upper part of the head, hands, and an oblique spot upon the knees, brownish-black. Native country unknown.

     Described by Desmarest, from a specimen in the Collection at Paris.

• Genus XIX.—Lagothrix, Humboldt. Head round; facial angle about 50°; hands with five fingers; tail strongly prehensile, naked and callous on the underside of the extremity; os hyoides slightly apparent on the outside.
  1. L. humboldtii, the Capparo.—Simia lagotricha, le capparo du Rio Guaviare, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. pp. 322, 354. Lagothrix Humboldtii, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 107. Lagotriche capparo, Desm. Mamm. p. 76. Grayish-black; hair long and soft. Inhabits banks of the Guaviare.
  2. L. canus, Gray Lagothrix.—Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 107. Lagotriche grison, Desm. Mamm. p. 77. Grayish-olive; head, hands, and tail, reddish-gray; the hair very short. Inhabits Brasil.
• Genus XX.—Cebus, Xerleben. The head round; muzzle short; facial angle about 60°; os hyoides 6mall; hands, with a lengthened well-formed thumb; tail long, prehensile, entirely covered with hair; gregarious; habits lively, active.

  1. C. apella, the Weeper Sapajou.—Simia apella, Linn. Sajou, Audeb. Sajou brun, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 109. Sapajou sajou, Desm. Mamm. p. 81. Deep brown above, of a clearer and lighter shade beneath; crown, feet, and tail, blackish-brown; face generally surrounded with a lighter shade. Inhabits Guiana. (Not found in Brasil,—(P. Maximilien.)

     This species is subject to considerable variety in the shade of the colours.

  2. C. robustus. Prince Maximilien’s Sapajou—Sapajou robuste, Desm. Mamm. p. 80. Brown; upper part of the head, neck, and a circle round the face, black; arms clear yellowish; fore part of the neck and belly in the male chestnut-red; in the young and females, yellowish or fawn colour. Inhabits Brasil. (Does not pass the river Doce to the South.—P. Maximilien.)

  3. C. griseus. Gray Sapajou.—Sapajou gris, Desm. Mamm. p. 81. Sajou, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Above yellowish-brown, mingled with gray; below of a clear fawn colour; crown black; face surrounded with black; sometimes white upon the neck and breast. Inhabits Guiana.

     A variety is described by Desmarest with the upper parts yellowish-brown, paler beneath; crown black; sides of the head, anterior part of forearms, neck, and breast, white; face flesh-colour. This is described from a single specimen, not adult, and most probably distinct, the markings being so different.

  4. C. barbatus, Bearded Sapajou.—Cebus albus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 112. Sapajou barbu, Desm. Mamm. p. 82. Grayish-red; under parts reddish; beard lengthened upon the cheeks, dark chestnut; hair long and crisp. Inhabits Guiana.

     Varies according to age to gray and white. We have followed Desmarest in considering Geoffroy’s Cebus albus as one of the above varieties.

  5. C. trepidus, Tufted-tailed Sapajou.—Sinaia trepida, Linn. Cebus frontatus, Kuhl. Cebus trepidus, Sajou tremblens, Geoff. Ann du Mus. xix. p. 110. Sapajou coeffé, Desm. Mamm. p. 82. Nearly of a uniform black shade; dusky on the head and extremities; scattered white hairs around the mouth and upon the anterior hands; hair of the forehead raised. Inhabits Dutch Guiana.—Geoff.
  6. Cebus Niger, Negro sapagou.—Cebus niger, Sajou nègre, Geoff. Ann du Mus. xix. p. 111. Sapajou nègre, Desm. Mamm. p. 83. Deep brown; face, hands, and tail black; forehead and cheeks mixed with yellowish hairs. Native country unknown.

  7. Cebus variegatus, the Varied Sapajou.—Cebus variegatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 111. Simia variegatua, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 356. Sapajou varié, Desm. Mamm. p. 83. Body blackish, sprinkled with golden-yellow; hair very soft, long, and of three colours—brown at the root, red, and black. Inhabits Brasil—Geoff.

     The hair of this monkey resembles that of the true Guenons in the variation of colour.

  8. Cebus flavus, Yellow Sapajou.—Simia flava, Schrœber. Sajou flave, Cebus flavus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 112. Sapajou fauve, Cebus fulvus, Desm. Mamm. p. 83. General colour dull yellowish-brown, tinged with gray and brown on the head; the hair silky and straight; young with the head, tail, and limbs, chestnut-red. Inhabits Brasil.
  9. Cebus albifrons, the Ouavapavi—Ouavapavi, Simia albifrons, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 323 324, 356. Cebus albifrons, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 111. Sapajou ouavapavi, Desm. Mamm. p. 83. Gray; lighter on the under parts; crown black; forehead and orbits white brownish-yellow. Inhabits banks of Oronooko, near Cataracts.

  10. Cebus lunatus, Lunulated Sapajou.—Cebus lunatus, Kuhl. Sapajou lunule, Desm. Mamm. p. 84. Black; a spot in the form of a crescent on each cheek, from the eyebrow to the mouth. Native country unknown.

      Described by Kuhl from a specimen in the Academy of Heidelberg.

  11. Cebus xanthosternos, Yellow-breasted Sapajou.—Sapajou a poitrine jaune, Desm. Mamm. p. 84. Chestnut; face and forehead yellowish-white; breast and lower part of the neck clear yellowish-red. Inhabits Brasil, between the 15° S. and the river Belmont.—Desm.

  12. Plate XXI.—C. fatuellus, Horned Sapajou-Simia fatuellus, Linn. Sajou cornu, Audeb. Hist. Nat. des Singes; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 109; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. Sapajou cornu, Desm. Mamm. p. 84. Deep blackish-brown, face surrounded with whitish; hair of the front rising in two lengthened tufts above the eyebrows. Inhabits Guiana.

      Is closely allied to C. robustus, and united with it by Humboldt. Subject to considerable variety.

  13. C. cirrifer, Crowned Sapajou.—Sajou a toupet, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 110. Simia cirrifera, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 356. Sapajou a toupet, Desm. Mamm. p. 84. Brownish-chestnut; crown, extremities, and tail, of a deeper tint, approaching black; a tuft of hairs on the highest part of the forehead. Inhabits Brasil.

  14. C. capuchinus, Capuchin sapajou.—Simia capuchina, Linn.; Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 354 337. Sajou saï, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 111. Sapajou saï, Desm. Mamm. p. 85. Varying from grayish-brown to olive; crown and extremities black; front, cheeks, and shoulders whitish Inhabits Guiana.

      Varies considerably. Hands sometimes of the same colour with the body.

  15. C. hypoleucus, White-throated Sapajou.—Sai à gorge blanche, Audeb. Simla hypoleuca, Cariblanco, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 356. Sapajou gorge blanche, Desm. Mamm. p. 85. Black; front, sides of the head, throat, and shoulders, white. Inhabits Guiana.

  16. Plate XXII.—C. monachus, Large-headed Sapajou.—Le saï a grosse tête, Cebus monachus, F. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. A mixture of black and brown, irregularly disposed, covers the back and sides; breast, belly, sides of the cheeks, and anterior part of arm, whitish-orange; fore arms, thighs, and tail, black; a short black beard; head large. Native country unknown.

      Sometimes varied on the upper parts with white. Described by F. Cuvier from a living specimen.

• Genus XXI.—Callithrix, Cuvier. The head round; muzzle short; facial angle about 60°. Separation of the nostrils narrower than the range of the upper cutting teeth; tail long, entirely hairy, not prehensile; nails straight, raised, and somewhat claw-like. Animals of small size.

  1. Plate XXIII.—C. sciureus, Squirrel callithrix, or Siamiri. Simla scinrea, Linn.; Siamiri, Audeb.; F. Cuv. Hist. Nat.; Desm. Mamm. Titi de l’Oronoque, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 322 323 and 257 357. Sagoin siamiri, Desm. Mamm. p. 86. Grayish-brown, with a black muzzle; extremities bright reddish; length of the body seven inches; tail between thirteen and fourteen. Inhabits Brasil, Cayenne.

     Varies in being entirely of one shade of brown, and with the back bright reddish and black.

  2. C. personatus, Masked callithrix.—Callithrix à masque, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 113. Simia personata, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 357. Sagoin a masque, Desm. Mamm. p. 86. Grayish-yellow; head and the four hands black; tail reddish. Inhabits Brasil between the 18° and 21° of south latitude.
  3. C. lugens, Mourning callithrix.—Veuve, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 113. La viduita de l’Oronoque, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 319–357. Sagoin veuve, Desm. Mamm. p. 87. Black; throat and anterior hands white; tail scarcely longer than the body. Inhabits banks of the rivers Guaviare and Cassiquaire. Not gregarious.
  4. C. amictus, Ruffed callithrix.—Callithrix a fraise, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 114. Simia amicta, Humb. Obs. Zool. p. 357. Sajou a fraise, Desm. Mamm. p. 87. Brownish-black; throat white; anterior hands dusky yellow; tail a fourth longer than the body. Inhabits Brasil.

  5. C. torquatus, Collared callithrix.—Callithrix à collu, Hoffmann, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 114. Simia torquata, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 357. Sagoin a collier, Desm. Mamm. p. 87. Chestnut-brown; yellowish beneath; throat white, in the form of a collar. Inhabits Brasil.

     Known only by the description of Count Hoffmannsegg.

  6. C. moloch, the Moloch.—Cebus moloch, Hoffmann. Moloch, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 114. Simia moloch, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 158 358. Sajou moloch, Desm. Mamm. p. 37 87. Gray; temples, cheek, and belly, bright reddish; hands, and end of the tail, nearly white. Inhabits Peru.

  7. C. melanochir, Black-Handed Callithrix.—Prince Maximilien, Sagoin aux mains noires, Kuhl; Desm. Mamm. Gray lower part of the back; end of the tail reddish; anterior hands dull black; inhabits Brasil.

     Known only by the description of Kuhl.

  8. C. infulatus, Mitred Callithrix.—Saguin Mitré, Kuhl; Desm. Mamm. p. 89 88. Gray above; reddish-yellow beneath; a large white spot, surrounded with black, beneath the eyes; end of the tail black; inhabits Brasil.

     Known by the description of Kuhl and Lichtenstein.

• Genus XXII.—Aotes, Humboldt. Head round, proportionally large; muzzle short; tacial angle about 60°; separation of the nostrils narrow; cars small; tail longer than the body; not prehensile; nails flat; eyes and habits nocturnal; live in pairs.
  1. Plate XXIV.—Aotes trivirgatus, The Douroucouli.—Simia trivirgata, Douroucouli, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 307 306 and 358. Aote Douroucouli, Desm. Mamm. p. 88; Illig. Prod. p. 71. Gray; the belly reddish-yellow; forehead marked with three dark longitudinal stripes. Inhabits thick forests on tho banks of the Cassiquaire.
• Genus XXIII.—Pithecia, Desmarest. Head round; muzzle short; facial angle 60°; canine teeth very strong; cars of middle size; tail shorter than the body, and covered with very long hairs; nails claws-like, short, and bent; habits nocturnal.
  1. Plate XXV.—P. satanus, The Cuxio.—Couxio, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 115; Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 314. pl. 27. Saki Couxio, Desm. Mamm. p. 89. Hair brownish-black; furnished with a thick beard; breast and belly nearly hairless; female brownish-red. Inhabits the banks of the Oronooko.
  2. P. chiropotes, Hard-drinking Saki.—Capuchin, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 116; Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 358. Saki capuchin, Desm. Mamm. p. 89. Reddish-brown: hair of the head thick, divided in the middle in two tufts; beard long and thick; tail blackish-brown. Inhabits the forests of the High Oronooko, to the south and east of the Cataracts.
  3. P. rufiventer, Red-bellied Saki.—Saki à ventre noux. Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 116; Desm. Mamm. p. 90. Simia rufiventer, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 358. Brown, tinted with reddish; belly reddish-brown; hair on the crown separating and falling down in front; beardless Inhabits French Guiana.
  4. P. monachus, the Monk—Moine, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 116. Simia monachus, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 359. Saki moine, Desm. Mamm. p. 91. Varied with spots of brown and dusky-yellow; hair of the head elongated; tail as long as the body. Inhabits Brasil.
  5. P. miriquouina, the Miriquouina.—Miriquouina Azara, Hist. of Parag.; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 117. Simia Azaræ, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 359. Saki miriquouina, Desm. Mamm. p. 90. Gray; underneath reddish; hairs on the back ringed with black and white; a white spat above each eye. Inhabits the province of Chaco, and the south bank of the river Paraguay.
  6. P. leucocephala, the Yarke.—Yarke, Buff. Simia leucocephala, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 359. Pithecia leucocephala, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 117. Saki yarquè, Desm. Mamm. p. 91. Black, with the head whitish; tail nearly the length of the body. Inhabits Guiana.
  7. Plate XXVI.—P. melanocephala, the Cacajao.—Simia melanocephala, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 359. Cacajao, Humb.; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 117. Saki cacajao, Desm. Mamm. p. 91. Hair yellowish-brown; head and tip of the tail black; tail, a sixth of the length of the body. Inhabits the forests bordering the Cassiquaire and Negro.

  8. P. rufibarba, Red-bearded saki.—Saki a moustach-rouses, Desm. Mamm. p. 90. Upper part of the body brownish-black, under part pale-red; eyebrows reddish; tail slender toward the tip. Inhabits Surinam.

     Described by Kuhl, from Temmink’s Collection.

  9. P. ochrocephala, Yellow-headed saki.—Saki à tête jaune, Desm. Mamm. p. 90. Hair above of a clean-chestnut, beneath yellowish-gray; four hands brownish-black; face surrounded with a circle of oclireous-yellow. Inhabits Cayenne.

     Described by Kuhl, from Temmink’s Collection.

• Genus XXIV.—Hapales, Illiger. Muzzle short; facial angle 60°. The upper lateral incisors insulated; the under lateral incisors longest; inferior canine teeth very small; nails, except those of the hinder thumbs, in the form of claws; tail longer than the body, and squirrel-like.

  1. Plate XXVII.—H. vulgaris, Ouistiti, or the Striated Monkey.—Ouistiti vulgare, Jacchus vulgaris, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 119; Desm. Mamm. 92. Simia jacchus, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 365 359. Deep gray; lower part of the back and tail banded with brown; head of a chestnut-red; forehead with a white spot; the hairs from the cheeks and behind the ears nearly white, and very long. Inhabits Guiana and Brasil.

     Desmarest mentions a variety with the fur red, tinged with gray.

  2. H. penicillatus, The Tufted Ouistiti.—Pinceau, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 119. Ouistiti pinceau, Jacchus penicillatus, Desm. Mamm. p. 94 92. Simia penicillata, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 365 360. Gray; tail and lower part of the backhanded with brown; forehead with a white spot; hairs of the cheeks and behind the ears long and black. Inhabits Brasil.
  3. H. leucocephalus, White-headed Ouistiti.—Ouistiti à tête blanche, Jacchus leucocephalus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 119; Desm. Mamm. 94 93. Simia Geoffroyi, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 365 360. Hair red; head and breast white; neck black; tail tinged with brown and gray; hair behind the ears black and long. Inhabits Brasil.

  4. H. auritus, Eared Ouistiti.—Ouistiti oreillard, Jacchus auritus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. 119; Desm. Mamm. p. 95 93. Simia aurita, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 365 360. Hair black, mixed with brown; tail tinged with black and gray; a white spot on the forehead; long white hair hides the interior of the ears; young brown; the adult markings obscure. Inhabits Brasil.

     Nos. 2 and 4 are much allied to H. vulgaris.

  5. H. humeralifer, White-shouldered Ouistiti.—Ouistiti camail, Jacchus humeralifer, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 120; Desm. Mamm. p. 95 93. Simia humcralifera, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 365 360. Hair brownish-chestnut; tail slightly tinged with gray; shoulders, breast and arms, white. Inhabits Brasil.

  6. H. argentatus, The Mico.—Simia argentata, Linn.; Humb.—Mico. Audeb. Ouistiti mico, Jacchus argentatus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 120; Desm. Mamm. p. 94. Hair shining, entirely white; the tail black; face and hands deep flesh-colour. Inhabits Para.

     According to Kuhl the tail is sometimes white.

  7. H. albifrons. White-fronted Ouistiti.—Ouistiti à front blanc, Jacchus albifrons, Desm. Mamm. Supp. p. 534. Hair black; white at the roots; face black; forehead, sides of the neck and throat, clothed with short white hair; hair of the occiput and behind the ears long and black; tail brown, slightly varied with white. Native district unknown.

  8. H. melanurus, Black-tailed Ouistiti.—Ouistiti melanure, Jacchus melanurus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 120.; Desm. Mamm. p. 94 93. Simia melanura, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. p. 365 360. Hair brown above; beneath yellowish; tail of a uniform black. Inhabits Brasil, Humboldt.

     Probably forms the passage to the next genus, Midas.

• Genus XXV.—Midas, Geoffroy. Muzzle short; facial angle 60°: forehead appearing prominent, by the great angie of the upper edge of the orbits; upper Incisois contiguous, under incisors equal in size; two inferior canine teeth nearly equal in size to the upper; nails, except on the hinder thumbs, formed like claws; tail as in Hapales.
  1. M. rufimanus, Red-Handed Tamarin.—Simia midas, Linn. Humb. Tamarin, Audeb. Tamarin a mains rousses, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix, p. 121. Ouistiti tamarin, Desm. Mamm. p. 94. Hair black; lower part of the back varied with gray; four hands reddish. Guiana. (Not found in Brasil, Desm.)

  2. M. ursulus, The Negro Tamarin.—Tamarin negre, Audeb; Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 121. Ouisiiti negre, Desm. Mamm. p. 94. Hair black; back waved with bright reddish; hands black. Inhabits Para.

     Allied to the preceding.

  3. M. labiatus, White-lipped Tamarin.—Tamarin labié, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 121. Ouistiti labié, Desm. Mamm. p. 95. Hair blackish, reddish beneath; head black; nose and lips white. Inhabits Brasil.
  4. M. chrysomelas, Yellow-fronted Tamarin. Ouistiti à front jaune, Desm. Mamm. p. 95. Hair black; forehead and upper side of the tail golden-yellow; forehead, knees, breast, and sides of the head, of a chestnut-red. Inhabits Brasil and Para.

  5. Plate XXVIII.—M. rosalia, The Marikina, or Silky Tamarin. Simia rosalia, Linn. Humb. Marikina, Buff. Audeb. Geoff. Ouistiti marikina, Desm. Mamm. p. 95. Hair of a golden yellow, varying from a yellower to a redder tinge; a main upon the neck. Inhabits Guiana, and the southern regions of Brasil, from Rio Janeiro to Cape Frio.

     Desmarest mentions a variety from Guiana, varied with red and black—from Brasil, bright shining red.

  6. Plate XXIX.—M. leoninus. Leonine Tamarin. Simia leonina, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 361. Leoncito, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. i. 121. Ouistiti leoncito, Desm. Mamm. p. 95. Hair brownish; neck with a mane of the same colour; face black; mouth white; tail black above, white beneath. Inhabits the plains which border the eastern part of the Cordilleras.
  7. M. œdipus, The Pinche.—Simia œdipus, Linn. Pinche, Audeb. Titi de Carthagene, Humb. Obs. Zool. i. 337. Pinche, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 122. Ouistiti pinche, Desm. Mamm. p. 96. Hair brownish yellow above, white beneath; a long beard, silky and white; tail red, extreme half black. Inhabits Carthagena, rare in Guiana.

Appendix

A few observations on the new illustrations, by Mr. James Stewart, the artist who made the drawings.

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The Entellus Monkey

Plate IX.—From a Specimen in the Edinburgh Royal Zoological Gardens.

This rare Monkey, of which there have been several specimens in these Gardens, thrives very ill in this climate, never showing any activity, being always dull and heavy, although never fretful; showing very little agility or disposition to playfulness, even though surrounded by others, sporting all manner of antics. It sits amidst the bustle with dull glaring eyes, totally indifferent to every effort made to induce it to join the fun along with the rest. The specimens at the Gardens have varied in colour, from a dull fawn all over the body, lighter beneath, to a pale ashy white; face in all the specimens purplish-black; hands of a dead flesh colour.

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Cercopithecus Mona, The Varied Monkey

Plate X.—From a Specimen in the Edinburgh Royal Zoological Gardens.

This portrait was taken from one of a pair at present in the Gardens. It is one of the most active, pleasing, and beautiful of all the Monkey tribes; keeping its naturally fine coloured and textured fur scrupulously clean. It is extremely good natured, active, and graceful, in all its movements; very inquisitive; fond of handling and examining every object within its reach; yet, with all its apparent familiarity, never permitting itself to be handled. It will at once put out its hands, and examine the back of your hand, lift the cuff of your coat, examine your wrist-band, scrutinizing every part with magpie and marrow-bone like expression; but, upon the slightest symptom of turning up the palm of your hand, it withdraws its hands with the speed of thought. When given any thing to eat, even its most common food, it applies it with both hands to its nose, then deliberately examines it, applies it to the nose again, and, convinced of its quality, it begins carefully to remove any skin, husk, or blemish; after which it eats quickly, but not greedily. When, after such examination, it is not satisfied with any thing offered, it lets it drop from its hands, looking after it in its descent, uttering a low guttural sound, the only sound it utters except a squalling scream when excited.

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Cercocebus fuliginosus, The Mangabey or White Eyelid Monkey

Plate XII.—From a Specimen in the Royal Zoological Gardens, Edinburgh.

This Monkey is good-natured and playful, yet, in its most humorous fits, displaying a ludicrous gravity of expression, at the same time uttering a low, pleased, serious grunt. It was exceedingly inquisitive, fond of handling and examining every thing within reach, yet carefully keeping itself clear of being touched; never showed any fits of passion or ill-nature; was not greedy or grasping; took what it got from visitors in the way of dainties, never appearing jealous of much smaller or weaker companions in the same cage, who came in for a share of the good things going. It walked mostly on all fours; sometimes carried its tail erect, but for the most part elevated about and horizontal with the back. The back remarkably straight and stiff, appearing not to have the same flexibility of spine, possessed by Monkeys in general.

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Cercocebus sabæus, The Green Monkey

Plate XIII.—From a fine Specimen (out of three or four) in the Edinburgh Zoological Gardens.

This is an exceedingly active, cleanly, and graceful Monkey, familiar and confident, yet not obtrusive or quarrelsome; but, if roused, attacking boldly, and intimidating much larger and stronger Monkeys than itself. When offered a nut, it did not, like many of its companions, snatch it from the hand; but took it slowly and confidently. It would then roll it between the palms of its hands; then wet it in its mouth, rubbing it repeatedly on its hip, till apparently satisfied that it was clean enough; it would then crack it and eat the kernel.

This Monkey appears not to thrive well in confinement, as several fine specimens, which have been in the Gardens, lived but a very short time.

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Macacus silenus, The Wanderoo Monkey

Plate XIV.—From a Specimen in the Edinburgh Zoological Gardens.

This is a very beautiful, gentle, and familiar little Monkey, exceedingly active, and in all its motions, displaying a quiet intelligence; at the same time, looking you in the face with a pleased and peering human-like expression; fond of handling and examining every thing; at the same time allowing itself, without the least shyness, to be fondled, expressing its satisfaction by a laughing look; showing its teeth, and applying them gently to the hand, licking it, &c. It shows no selfishness; but holding out its little hand with a grateful look, will take any of the good things offered, of which the younger visitors are seldom forgetful. It does not show the least anger, although its smaller companions should snatch from its hand the bite going into its mouth.

The only sound it emits, is a low pleased nicher; and, when excited, a clear sharp whine.

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Ateles paniscus, The Coaita

Plate XX.—From a Specimens in the Edinburgh Royal Zoological Gardens.

There have been several specimens of this Monkey in the Gardens, from time to time, all possessed of the same characteristics—extreme gentleness and timidity. Suffering much from cold when in the shade, in our warmest summer weather; its most common posture, when at rest, was sitting, its head resting between its knees, its long arms being folded round them, and clasped on its back, its long tail twined round, and twice encircling its lower extremities. In this position it would sit for hours, marking, with the keenest attention, every thing occurring within range of its sight. When offered any thing tempting to eat by any of the visitors, it would slowly unfold itself, as if fearful to expose itself to cold; and, with pursed mouth and protruding lips, uttering a plaintive and fretful gutteral whine; would slowly and deliberately take hold of any thing given to it, by a sidelong movement of its long narrow hand, divested of even the rudiments of a thumb; and placing the hollow of its closed hand to its mouth, would pick out any thing it contained. Its gait and movements about its cage were agile, but cautious, never making a leap from one part to another, but climbing quickly about, holding on and letting go with hands, feet, and tail alternately. It was very fond of thrusting its long cold hands between the palms of yours, being pleased with the warmth that yours imparted; always uttering its usual whine when you shook yourself clear of it. The smallest Monkey in the same cage tyrannized over it with the utmost impunity. When irritated, which seldom happened, it uttered a short barking grunt.

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Cebus monachus, The Large Headed Sapajou

Plate XXII.—From a Specimen lately in the Royal Edinburgh Zoological Gardens.

There was a fine specimen of this Monkey in the Gardens about two years ago; it was exceedingly timid and morose, yet not ill-natured or mischievous, always keeping as far away from the visitors as it could, by clinging to the higher bars of the cage; avoiding, with equal care, its fellow inmates; by whom, although much smaller and weaker, it underwent a constant system of persecution. By the way of bettering its condition, it was removed into a cage, containing four or five Racoons; but they turned out to be of “the wicked whose tender mercies are cruel;” as they one night, by way of a ploy, took the liberty of killing and eating him.

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Callithris sciureus, The Siamiri

Plate XXIII.—From a fine Specimen in the Zoological Gardens.

This animal lived but a short time in the Gardens. Unfortunately, it arrived in this country near the fall of the year, and the coldness of the climate soon put an end to its existence.

In its habits it was quiet and gentle, never showing the least symptom of petulance or ill-nature in its movements. On all-fours it was quick but deliberate, never springing nor jumping; but, with a quick running movement, which it generally made in pursuit of flies, of which it seemed very fond, always catching them by a movement of the hand, so quick as to be imperceptible. Before eating its prey, it carefully removed the wings, and if a small fly, it eat it entire; if a carrion or blue-bottle fly, of which there are great numbers about the Gardens, it would divide the fly, eating only one-half at a time.

If offered any thing eatable, it held out its hand with extreme caution, fixing its large eyes on yours. If the least motion of the other hand were made, it excited suspicion, and it would immediately withdraw to the middle of the cage, the place farthest removed from danger, uttering a low chittering sound, and hardly any inducement would tempt it from its security again. In walking, its back was much arched, shoulders very low, head higher than the shoulder, tail always drooping.

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Oustiti, The Striated Monkey

Plate XXVII.—From a Specimen in the Edinburgh Royal Zoological Gardens.

There have been numerous specimens of this beautiful yet extremely delicate little Monkey in the Gardens, whose short stay there was a mere process of suffering and decay, as they appear to pine from their first arrival. There whole care, when not eating, appeared to be huddling together to protect themselves from cold, almost constantly uttering their low plaintive chitter; a shivering motion being always perceptible throughout their attenuated and crouched-up frames. The only object that seemed for a moment to rouse their dormant and feeble energies, was the occasional intrusion of an unlucky fly into their cage, which was instantly seized, divested of its wings, divided in two, and greedily devoured. Indeed, from the avidity with which they hunted these insects, and the relish with which they ate them, they appear to be, in a great part, their natural food.